Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Y4 Equine - Lameness & Orthopaedics > Muscle revision > Flashcards

Muscle revision Flashcards

1
Q

2 types of muscle fibres

A
  • myocytes
  • myofibres
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Sarcolemma

A
  • muscle cell membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Sarcoplasm

A
  • muscle cell cytoplasm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Sarcomere

A
  • contractile muscle unit formed by myofiibrils
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Myofibril

A
  • accumulation of contractile proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the sarcoplasmic reticulum store?

A
  • calcium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What surrounds myofibres?

A
  • sarcoplasmic reticulum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does a muscle contract?

A
  • neural signal travels down axon and activates calcium entry terminal axon
  • calcium interacts with snare proteins outside acetylcholine vesicles at terminal axon
  • this causes release of acetylcholine
  • sodium enters the myofibre
  • depolarisation current reaches the sarcoplasmic reticulum through connecting tubules
  • calcium release within the sarcoplasm
  • calcium binds to troponin
  • tropomyosin unleashes actin
  • contraction begins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Function of sodium in muscle contraction

A
  • speeds up the depolarisation/transmission at the junction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Muscle fuel

A
  • phosphagen system
  • glycogen
  • fatty acids
  • branch aa
  • lactate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Phosphagen system

A
  • CK stores & myokinase system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How long does phosphagen system last for?

A
  • 10-20s
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Does the phosphagen system use oxygen?

A
  • no
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Main energy source for muscle

A
  • glycogen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Use of fatty acids as fuel for muscles

A
  • endurance (sustained exercise)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Branch aa fuel source

A
  • gluconeogenesis & tricarboxylic acid cycle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Is branch aa effective?

A
  • has to go through gluconeogenesis so consumes more energy to produce glucose
  • not effective
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does lactate provide a source of fuel?

A
  • NAD production
  • liver cori cycle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Does production of lactate increase or decrease the pH of cells?

A
  • decrease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What fibre type is aerobic?

A
  • type I
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What fibre types are aerobic?

A
  • type IIa
  • type IIx
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What fibre type has the fastest contraction time?

A
  • type IIx
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What fibre type has the most resistance to fatigue?

A
  • type I
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What type of exercise are type IIa fibres used for?

A
  • long term anaerobic activity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What type of exercise are type IIx fibres used for?

A
  • short term anaerobic activty
26
Q

Which type of fibre has the shortest duration of action?

A
  • type IIx
    – less than 5 mins
27
Q

Which type of fibre has the longest duration of action?

A
  • type I
  • hourse
28
Q

Which type of fibre has the most power produced?

A
  • type IIx
29
Q

Which type of fibre has the lowest power produced?

A
  • type I
30
Q

Which type of fibre demands the most mitochondrial activity?

A
  • type I
31
Q

Major source of fuel of type I fibres

A
  • creatinine phosphate
  • glycogen
32
Q

Major source of fuel for type IIx fibres

A
  • ATP
  • creatinine phosphate
  • glycogen
33
Q

Examples of type I muscle fibres

A
  • myocardium
  • core muscles (posture)
  • extensors e.g. triceps, neck
  • abaxial muscles
  • intercostal muscles
34
Q

Fibre type that should be prioritised if you want to train for speed

A
  • type II
35
Q

Fibre type that should be prioritised if you want to train for endurance

A
  • type I
36
Q

What oxidation is important for sustained exercise?

A
  • fatty acid
37
Q

Fastest source of energy

A
  • ATP-PCr system
38
Q

What happens if muscles work too hard?

A
  • ROS mitochondrial respiratory chain
  • Acetyl-carnitines in fatty acid oxidation
  • lactate in glycolysis
39
Q

3 hardest working structures in the body

A
  • heart (muscles)
  • brain
  • liver
40
Q

What does increased ROS do?

A
  • breaks down cell membrane
  • impairs the function of the mitochondria
41
Q

Acetyl-carnitines

A
  • intermediate product of fatty acid oxidation
42
Q

Mechanisms for counteracting oxidative stress

A
  • vitamin E
  • cysteine
  • Q10
43
Q

Role of vitamin E

A
  • sarcolemma repair
44
Q

Best marker for muscle disease

A
  • CK
45
Q

2 markers of muscle disease

A
  • CK
  • AST
46
Q

How to differentiate between CK & AST in horses

A
  • SDH
  • GGT
47
Q

SDH

A

= sorbitol dehydrogenase

48
Q

What equid species is GGT commonly high in?

A
  • donkeys
49
Q

When does CK peak?

A
  • 6h
50
Q

When does AST peak?

A
  • 24h
50
Q

How long does it take for AST to come down?

A
  • weeks
51
Q

Why is CK not elevated in cardiac disease?

A
  • lab tests only measure MSK CK
  • so not detecting the isomer of cardiac CK
52
Q

What marker of cardiac muscle damage do lab tests look for?

A
  • cardiac troponin
53
Q

Why is MSK troponin not tested for?

A
  • no need
  • CK a better marker
54
Q

Is there an injury if persistent AST & CK are seen?

A
  • yes
55
Q

If there’s persistent AST does that mean there’s persistent injury?

A
  • no
56
Q
A
57
Q

2 types of muscle injury

A
  • extertional
  • non-extertional
58
Q

Can cardiac troponin be naturally increased after exercise?

A
  • yes
59
Q

Classic clinical presentation of a myopathy

A
  • stiff pelvic limbs
  • low head carriage
  • sweaty

Y4 Equine - Lameness & Orthopaedics (34 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions