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Kinesiology > Muscle Activation during Gait > Flashcards

Muscle Activation during Gait Flashcards

1
Q

what produces an external torque during gait?

A

GRF

will cause movement at each joint of the LE

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2
Q

what produces an internal torque during gait?

A

primarily muscle activation

it is produced to match/overcome the external torque

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3
Q

when and why do concentric muscle contractions occur during gait?

A

they occur when the internal torque is moving the joint in the direction of the muscle’s activity

these provide stability and produce movement of a segment

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4
Q

when and why do eccentric muscle contractions occur during gait?

A

they occur when an internal torque is moving the joint in the direction opposite of the muscle’s action

these help with shock absorption and deceleration of a limb segment

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5
Q

what can cause muscular dysfunction and how will it impact gait?

A

Causes:

  1. weakness
  2. loss of power
  3. decreased endurance
  4. spasticity
  5. contracture

leads to altered gait patterns and compensations as the torque GRFV doesn’t change but the individual’s ability to counter it does

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6
Q

what muscles are activated at the hip in the sagittal plane during IC?

A

ALL hip extensors contract concentrically to prepare for LR

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7
Q

what muscles are activated at the knee in the sagittal plane during IC?

A

eccentric hamstring contraction to counteract extension torque

knee extensions transition from concentric to eccentric contraction in preparation for LR

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8
Q

what muscles are activated at the ankle in the sagittal plane during IC?

A

pretibials (tibialis anterior, big toe extensors) contract concentrically

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9
Q

what muscles are activated at the hip in the sagittal plane during LR?

A

concentric contraction of hip extensors

(Glute max, adductor magnus, TFL, Glute med peak)

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10
Q

what muscles are activated at the knee in the sagittal plane during LR?

A

eccentric contraction of knee extensors

(quad activity peaks)

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11
Q

what muscles are activated at the ankle in the sagittal plane during LR?

A

eccentric contraction of ankle DF (tibialis anterior peaks)

Transition to eccentric contraction of ankle PF in late LR

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12
Q

what muscles are activated at the hip in the sagittal plane during MSt?

A

no hip muscular activity requried in the sagittal plane

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13
Q

what muscles are activated at the knee in the sagittal plane during MSt?

A

quads eccentric to no activity

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14
Q

what muscles are activated at the ankle in the sagittal plane during MSt?

A

eccentric contraction of the gastroc/soleus

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15
Q

what muscles are activated at the hip in the sagittal plane during TSt?

A

minimal activity in the sagittal plane

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16
Q

what muscles are activated at the knee in the sagittal plane during TSt?

A

no quad or HS activity

tibial position maintained by gastroc

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17
Q

what muscles are activated at the ankle in the sagittal plane during TSt?

A

concentric contraction of ankle PF to prevent tibial collapse with heel rise

Gastroc/Soleus activity peaks

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18
Q

what muscles are activated at the hip in the sagittal plane during PSw?

A

concentric contraction of hip flexors

adductor longus peaks

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19
Q

what muscles are activated at the knee in the sagittal plane during PSw?

A

knee flexion is mainly passive

slight concentric contraction of knee flexors and eccentric rectus

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20
Q

what muscles are activated at the ankle in the sagittal plane during PSw?

A

ankle PF activity ceases in early PSw and passive tension contributes to ankle moving in PF

ankle DF concentric initiated at the end of PSw

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21
Q

what muscles are activated at the hip in the sagittal plane during ISw?

A

continued concentric contraction of hip flexors

Iliacus peaks

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22
Q

what muscles are activated at the knee in the sagittal plane during ISw?

A

concentric contraction of knee flexors

(biceps femoris SH, sartorius, gracilis peak)

flexion continues to be aided by flexion at the hip

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23
Q

what muscles are activated at the ankle in the sagittal plane during ISw?

A

concentric contraction of tibialis anterior

toe extensor activity peaks

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24
Q

what muscles are activated at the hip in the sagittal plane during MSw?

A

continued concentric contraction of hip flexors

initation of eccentric hip extensors (HS) to control hip flexors

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25
Q

what muscles are activated at the knee in the sagittal plane during MSw?

A

knee extension created by momentum

knee flexors contract eccentrically at the end of MSw to control extension

26
Q

what muscles are activated at the ankle in the sagittal plane during MSw?

A

continued concentric contraction of DF

27
Q

what muscles are activated at the hip in the sagittal plane during TSw?

A

concentric contraction of hip extensors

28
Q

what muscles are activated at the knee in the sagittal plane during TSw?

A

concentric contraction of knee extensors to insure full extension

peak hamstring eccentric contraction to decelerate thigh

29
Q

what muscles are activated at the ankle in the sagittal plane during TSw?

A

continued concentric contraction of DF

30
Q

Describe the relative joint position and muscle activity at the hip in the sagittal plane during gait

A

use the chart

31
Q

describe the relative joint position and muscle activity at the knee in the sagittal plane during gait

A

use the chart

32
Q

describe the relative joint position and muscle activity at the ankle in the sagittal plane during gait

A

use the chart

33
Q

what muscles are activated at the hip in the frontal plane during LR and MSt?

A
  1. LR → hip abductors contracting eccentrically
    • Glute med and adductor magnus at peak
  2. MSt → hip abductors contracting eccentrically then concentrically
34
Q

what muscles are activated at the ankle in the frontal plane during LR and MSt?

A

invertors contracting eccentrically during both phases

35
Q

what muscles are activated at the hip in the frontal plane during TSt and PSw?

A

hip abductors contracting concentrically

36
Q

what muscles are activated at the ankle in the frontal plane during TSt and PSw?

A

invertors contracting concentrically

37
Q

what muscles are activated at the hip in the frontal plane during the entire swing phase?

A

hip adductors contract concentrically

38
Q

what muscles are activated at the ankle in the frontal plane during the entire swing phase?

A

evertors contract concentrically

39
Q

describe the relative joint position and muscle activity at the hip in the frontal plane during all of gait

A

use the diagram

40
Q

describe the relative joint position and muscle activity at the ankle in the frontal plane during all of gait?

A

use the diagram below

41
Q

what are the key roles of the ankle dorsiflexors during gait?

A

eccentric activation to control plantarflexion of the ankle at IC until foot flat

42
Q

what are the key roles of the ankle plantarflexors during gait?

A
  1. eccentric contraction moving into MSt to control tibial advancement
  2. concentric contractions at TSt assists with forward propulsion
43
Q

what are the key roles of the ankle invertors during gait?

A
  1. eccentrically contracts to control pronation until MSt
  2. concentrically contracts to supinate the foot for push off in TSt/PSw
44
Q

what are the key roles of the ankle evertors during gait?

A

also active as co-contraction to counter strong inversion effect occuring during LR/MSt

45
Q

what are the key roles of the knee extensors during gait?

A
  1. eccentrically control knee flexion in LR
  2. Concentrically to extend the knee and support the body in MSt
46
Q

what are the key roles of the knee flexors during gait?

A

Decelerate knee extensors in preparation for placement of the foot on the ground

47
Q

what are the key roles for the hip extensors during gait?

A

activated in TSw prior to IC to initiate hip extension and prepare LE for weight acceptance at the beginning of stance

48
Q

what are the key roles for the hip flexors during gait?

A

advance LE forward during ISw

Concentrically lift LE to allow for toe clearance during swing

49
Q

what are the roles of the hip abductors during gait?

A

Control the slight lowering of the contralateral pelvis on the side of the swing limb then provide pelvic stability in stance

50
Q

what are the key roles of the hip adductors during gait?

A

assist with the initation of hip flexion after toe off

51
Q

List some gait deviations

A
  1. Trendelenburg gait
  2. compensated trendelenburg gait
  3. foot slap
  4. knee extension thrust
52
Q

what phase of gait is Trendelenburg gait observed?

A

LR → PSw

(observed best in frontal plane)

53
Q

what does Trendelenburg gait look like?

A

excessive downward drop of the contralateral pelvis during stance

54
Q

what is the cause of both Trendelenburg and compensated Trendelenburg gait?

A

glute medius weakness

55
Q

what is the result of Trendelenburg gait?

A

a functionally longer swing limb resulting in decreased efficiency and possibly decreased stance time

56
Q

what differentiates Trendelenburg from compensated Trendelenburg gait?

A

compensated Trendelenburg gait utilizes a trunk lean over the stance leg to try and maintain a level pelvis

57
Q

what does a foot slap gait look like? what phase of gait is it most noticed and in what plane?

A

PF torque goes unchecked by anterior tib

occurs during IC → LR

best observed in the sagittal plane

58
Q

what are some potential causes of a foot slap gait?

A

tib anterior weakness

(from a peroneal nerve palsy or peripheral neuropathy)

59
Q

what is the result/impact of “foot slap” on gait?

A

rapid PF after heel contact which can be audible

usually can clear foot during swing

60
Q

what does a knee extension thrust during gait look like? what phases does it typically occur in and what plane is the best to view it?

A

knee snapping back into extension early in stance phase

phase → IC

plane → sagittal

61
Q

what are some potential causes of a knee extension thrust gait deviation?

A

quad spasiticy from UMN lesion

62
Q

what is the result/impact of a knee extension thrust gait deviation?

A

rapid and often excessive knee extension during LR, can occur w/cause knee hyperextension over time

Kinesiology (13 decks)

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