Ankle and Foot

Question 1

what stabilizes the proximal tibiofibular joint?

Answer 1

1. joint capsule
2. anterior tibiofibular ligament
3. posterior tibiofibular ligament

Question 2

what stabilizes the distal tibiofibular ligament?

Answer 2

1. No joint capsule
2. A/P tibiofibular ligament
3. Interosseus membrane

Question 3

what is injured during a high ankle sprain?

Answer 3

distal tibiofibular joint

Question 4

what motions are available at the proximal and distal tibiofibular joint?

Answer 4

1. A/P glide
2. S/I glide
3. IR/ER

Question 5

what is the open pack position for the tibiofibular joint?

Answer 5

10° plantarflexion

Question 6

where is the deltoid ligament and what does it limit?

Answer 6

medial ankle

limits eversion/pronation

Question 7

what is the lateral collateral ligament of the ankle made up of?

Answer 7

3 ligaments:

1. anterior talofibular ligament
2. calcaneofibular ligament
3. posterior talofibular ligament

Question 8

what does the lateral collateral ligament of the ankle limit?

Answer 8

inversion and supination

Question 9

what muscles limit eversion/pronation of the ankle?

Answer 9

tibialis posterior

flexor hallucis longus

flexor digitorum longus

Question 10

what muscles limit inversion/supination at the ankle?

Answer 10

Fibularis longus and brevis

Question 11

what muscles limit dorsiflexion at the ankle?

Answer 11

gastrocnemius and soleus

Question 12

what muscles limit plantarflexion at the ankle?

Answer 12

Tibialis anterior

Extensor hallucis longus

Extensor digitorum longus

Question 13

what is the most stable position for the ankle?

Answer 13

dorsiflexion (wider base is wedged between the tibiofibular motise)

Question 14

describe the osteokinematics with the arthrokinematics of the talocrural joint

Answer 14

Dorsiflexion = anterior roll with posterior glide

Plantarflexion = posterior roll with anterior glide

Question 15

what is the arthrokinematic rule during OKC motion at the talocrural joint?

Answer 15

convex talus moves on concave tibiofibular mortise

Question 16

what is the open pack position and capsular pattern for the talocrural joint?

Answer 16

open pack = 10º plantarflexion w/neutral inversion/eversion

capsular pattern = loss of plantarflexion greater than dorsiflexion

Question 17

in what position is the foot more stable/mobile?

Answer 17

pronation = more mobile

supination = more stable

Question 18

what is the purpose of pronation at the ankle?

Answer 18

allows more mobility which allow for:

1. a decrease in impact from weight-bearing forces
2. dampen superimposed rotational motions
3. the ankle to adapt to changes in supporting surfaces and terrains

Question 19

what is the purpose of supination at the ankle?

Answer 19

allows the arches to be stable enough to allow for:

1. distribution of weight through the foot for proper weight bearing
2. convert the flexible foot to a rigid lever

Question 20

what is the function of the plantar fascia?

Answer 20

tightens up when the toes are extended to provide support to the medial longitudinal arch.

aids in the windless effect

Question 21

describe the osteology and joint type of the subtalar joint

Answer 21

talus on calcaneus

made up of 3 ovoid synovial joints

Question 22

what moves on what during weight bearing at the subtalar joint?

Answer 22

talus moves on calcaneus

Question 23

during weight bearing, what motions couple to allow for supination?

Answer 23

1. calcaneus inverts
2. talus abducts
3. talus dorsiflexes
4. tibiofibular lateral rotation

Question 24

during weight bearing, what motions couple to produce pronation?

Answer 24

1. calcaneus everts
2. talus adducts and plantarflexes
3. tibiofibular medial rotation

Question 25

what moves on what during non-weight bearing motions at the subtalar joint?

Answer 25

calcaneus moves on the talus

Question 26

during non-weight bearing motions, what movements couple together to produce supination at the subtalar joint?

Answer 26

calcaneus adduction, inversion, and plantarflexion

Question 27

during non-weight bearing motions, what movements couple together to produce pronation at the subtalar joint?

Answer 27

calcaneus abduction, dorsiflexion and eversion

Question 28

what is a valgus movement at the calcaneus?

Answer 28

calcaneal eversion

Question 29

what is a varus movement at the calcaneus?

Answer 29

calcaneal inversion

Question 30

how would pronation at the subtalar joint impact the joints higher up?

Answer 30

medial rotation of knee and hip

Question 31

how would supination at the subtalar joint impact joints above?

Answer 31

lateral rotation of hip and knee

Question 32

what is the open pack position and capsular pattern for the subtalar joint?

Answer 32

open pack = mid inversion/eversion and mid plantarflexion/dorsiflexion no capsular pattern

Question 33

what joints make up the transverse tarsal joint?

Answer 33

talonavicular joint calcaneocuboid joint

Question 34

what is the open pack position for the transverse tarsal joint?

Answer 34

midrange of supination/pronation

Question 35

describe the osteokinematics of the MTP joints

Answer 35

flexion/extension abduction/adduction

Question 36

what is the arthrokinematic rule for the MTP joints?

Answer 36

Concave on Convex roll and glide in same direction

Question 37

what is the open pack position and capsular pattern for the MTP joints?

Answer 37

open pack = 10° extension capsular pattern: 1st MTP extension \> flexion 2-5 loss of flexion

Question 38

what is hallux limitus

Answer 38

Turf Toe a condition marked by gradual and significant limitation in motion along with articular degeneration and pain

Question 39

what is hallux valgus

Answer 39

bunion deformity progressive lateral deviation of great toe

Question 40

what is the main function of the IP joints?

Answer 40

maintain stability by pressing against the ground in standing

Question 41

what is the arthokinematic rule for the IP joints?

Answer 41

Concave on Convex roll and glide in same direction

Question 42

what is pes planus?

Answer 42

"flat feet" abnormally dropped medial longitudinal arch

Question 43

what are some possible causes of pes planus?

Answer 43

assocaited with over stretched, torn or weakened plantar fascia, spring ligament, and/or tibialis posterior tendon

Question 44

what is pes cavus?

Answer 44

over supination abnormally raised medial longitudinal arch

Question 45

what are some possible causes for pes cavus?

Answer 45

associated with excessive rearfoot varus (inversion)

Question 46

what is the rol of the posterior tibialis tendon during gait?

Answer 46

decelerates pronation rearfoot in loading response this results in gradual and controlled lowering of medial longitudinal arch and absorbs some of the impact from loading