Muscle Flashcards
Describe the muscle cell hierarchy spider diagram
Pg 9
What does haemoglobin do to myoglobin and why?
- Haemoglobin gives up oxygen to myoglobin, especially at low pH
- Myoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than haemoglobin
- When the muscle work hard it produces carbon dioxide to the blood which make the blood acidic.
What happens when striated muscle dies (muscle necrosis)?
Myoglobin is released into the blood (myoglobinaemia) and travels to the kidney where it is excreted into the urine (myoglobinuria).
Can cause renal damage:
- Kidney has to remove the myoglobin from the blood and it can block the tubes and tubules causing Ischaemia and their is no oxygen to the kidney.
- Tea-coloured urine
Where are the nucleus of the skeletal muscle cells
On the peripheral
Pg 16- 27 for histology pictures
What is a striated muscle cell called and what is within it ?
It is called a muscle fibre
- Each fibre contains numerous myofibrils
What are the different types of muscle speeds?
- Slow (red) , fast (white ) and intermediate (pink)
- Intermediate can sometimes be classified as fast
What are the characteristics of slow twitch fibres?
Type 1
- rich capillary supply
- aerobic
- high myoglobin level
- many mitochondria and cytochrome
- fatty acids, make glucose to make ATP
- Lots of ATP/Co2
- fatigue resistant
- red
- endurance type activities e.g. walking and standing
What are the characteristics for intermediate?
Type 2A
- rich blood supply
Aerobic - high myoglobin level
- high to intermediate level of mitochondria
- many cytochrome
- red to pink
- Fatty acids and glycogen
- initially lots of CO2, then lost of lactate (causes fatigue)
- fatigue resistant
- assist type 1 and 2B
- standing and walking ( recruited 2nd)
What are the characteristics of fast twitch fibres?
Type 2B
- poor capillary supply
- anaerobic
- low myoglobin level
- few mitochondria and cytochrome
- white (pale)
- Glycogen - breaks down to form glucose which can then produce (below)
- lots of lactate and little ATP
- rapidly fatigue
- strength and anaerobic tube activities
E.g. standing, walking recruited last
Jumping/running sprinting
What does continued muscle contraction depend on? And what type of twitch does oxidative phosphorylation and anaerobic glycolysis lead to?
- Ca2+ ions
- Amounts of ATP
- OP: Slow twitch (red fibres)
- AG: Fats twitch (white fibres)
What are features of cardiac muscle fibres in LS?
- Striations
- Centrally positioned nucleus (1or 2 per cell)
- Intercalated discs (for electrical -connexins and mechanical coupling with adjacent cells)
- Branching
Pg 34
When is hypertrophy and hyperplasia seen in cardiac myocytes?
- Cardiac myocytes can’t do hyperplasia as adults but children up to the age of 8 can
- As the heart grows at age 8
- When you hit puberty hyperplasia stops and hypertrophy takes over
What are the similarities and differences between cardiac and skeletal muscle?
Similarities
- Both striated
- Cintraction mechanisms are similar
Difference
- Nuclei on cardiac is central and skeletal is peripheral
- Sacromere not so developed in cardiac
- Few/no Tubule in sacroplasmic reticulum (cardiac)
- Only one contractile cell type - cardiomyocytes ( found in the bundle of his, bachmann’s bundles and purkinje fibres)
- cardiomyocytes communicate through gap junctions (in intercalated discs).
What is the structure of smooth muscle cells?
- Spindle-shaped (fusiform) with a single central large nucleus.
- Not striated, no sacromere, no T-tubule
- Capable of being stretched and sustained ( the cells overlap each other, so it has a massive capacity to stretch).
What are the features of the contraction of the smooth muscle cell? And what do smooth muscle respond to?
- Contraction still relies on actin-myosin interactions
- Contraction is slower, more sustained and relies on less ATP
- May remain contracted for hours or days
- Responds to stimuli form of nerve signals, hormone, drugs or local concentrations of blood gas.
- Numerous caveolae (small cave-like invaginations - used pinocytosis).
How does muscle contraction occur in smooth muscle
- There are lots of little tiny myofilaments and intermediate filaments that are sitting in the cytoplasm waiting for a signal to come through, which can come through the caveolae.
- When they assemble they assemble in the dark areas called the dense bodies/plaques. The dense bodies/plaques are often on the sarcolemma and can be in the centre in the cytoplasm.
- When contraction comes together, the filaments join the dense plaque/bodies together with the contraction machinery and contract to move smooth muscle in whatever direction they have been brought together.
- When they come together in a kriss Kross pattern across adjacent cells, so when they do contract the smooth muscle cells contract in all direction
How are smooth muscle cells joined?
- Smooth muscle cells join to another via gap junctions which have a lot of connexins.
- These connexins allow free movement of small molecules from one cell to another. So you get the whole series of the smooth muscle cells to contract together acting almost like a syncitium.
What are smooth muscle innervated by?
- Innervated by the autonomic nervous system fibres, that release their neurotransmitters from varicosities into wide synaptic cleft.
This is found in smooth muscles in the gut.
Pg 50-52
Can mature muscle repair occur in smooth muscle?
- Skeletal muscle cells cannot divide but can regenerate by mitotic activity of satellite cells, so that hyperplasia follows muscle injury.
- Satellite cells can also fuse with existing muscle cells to increase mass (skeletal muscle hypertrophy)
Can mature muscle repair occur in cardiac muscle?
- Adult cardiac muscle is incapable of regeneration
- Following damage, fibroblast invade, divide and lay down scar tissue
- Muscle cannot grow over scar tissue and scar tissue doesn’t conduct electricity
Can mature muscle repair occur in smooth muscle.
Smooth muscle retain their mitotic activity and can form new smooth muscle cells
E.g.
- Particularly evident in the pregnant uterus where the muscle wall
(myometrium) becomes thicker by hypertrophy (cell enlargement) - Hyperplasia (cell division/mitosis) of individual cells increases muscle mass
What are the similarities and differences between cardiac and smooth muscle cells?
Similarities
- Both have central nucleus not peripheral
- One contractile cel type (cardiomyocytes and smooth muscle cell)
- Communicate through gap junctions
- Acts as a syncytium (wave-like function)
Difference
- Smooth muscle doesn’t contain sarcomere
- Electrical conduction - specialised cells/routes in cardiac muscle
- No troponins in smooth muscle