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Body log > Endocrine Tissues And Glands > Flashcards

Endocrine Tissues And Glands Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 9 major endocrine glands?

A
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pituitary gland
  • Pineal gland
  • Thyroid gland
  • Parathyroid gland
  • Adrenal gland
  • Pancreas
  • Kidney
  • Ovaries and testes
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2
Q

What are the 6 organs containing endocrine cells?

A
  • Heart
  • Thymus
  • Liver
  • Stomach
  • Kidney
  • Small intestine

Pg 7-8

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3
Q

What are the 4 different types of hormones?

A
  1. glycoproteins/peptide hormones
  2. Steroid hormones
  3. Catecholamines- amino acid derived hormone
  4. thyroid hormone - amino acid derived hormone
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4
Q

What are the main points in Glycoproteins/peptide hormones?

A
  • Made in advance, stored in secretory vesicles.
  • dissolved in plasma
  • receptor found on the cell membrane
  • when ligands bind to receptor, there is an activation of second messenger system, may activate genes

E.g. insulin, glucagon, prolactin, gastrin

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5
Q

What are the main point on steroid hormones?

A
  • synthesised on demand from precursors
  • they are bound to carrier proteins whilst being transported in the blood
  • receptors are found in the cytoplasm or nucleus and some have membrane receptors
  • when ligand binds to receptor - activation of genes for transcription and translation

E.g. oestrogen , androgens, progesterone and cortisol

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6
Q

What are the points in catecholamines?

A
  • mad in advance and stored in secretory vesicles
  • dissolved in the plasma
  • receptors found on cell membrane
  • when ligands bind to receptors, this activates second messenger systems

E.g. adrenaline and noradrenaline

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7
Q

What are the main point on thyroid hormones?

A

Made in advance, precursors stored in secretory vesicles

  • transported in the blood through being bound to carrier proteins
  • receptors on the nucleus
  • when ligands bind to receptors it activates genes from transcription and translation

E.g. T4 - Thyroxine and T3 - triiodothyronine

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8
Q

What is the Hypothalamus sometimes known as and what are the 7 things it deals with?

A
  • the master organ/conductor of the endocrine system.
    1. Thermorgukation, panting, seating and shivering
    2. Plasma osmolality via osmoreceotors
    3. Heart rate, blood pressure
    4. Circadian rhythm- wakefulness, sleep, hormones involved in sleep
    5. Stimuli from the ANS (both sympathetic and parasympathetic).
    6. Emotion, sexual behaviour and mood
    7. Lactation
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9
Q

What does the Hypothalamus produce?

A
  • Vasopressin (ADH) and oxytocin that travels through the posterior pituitary gland through nerves
  • 6 hormones (releasing factors, that act in cells in the anterior pituitary gland to produce and release hormones) travel via the Hypothalamus-hypophyseal portal system to the anterior pituitary gland
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10
Q

What are portal systems?

A
  • Portal circulatory system differs from typical circulatory route in that the blood passes through two sets of smaller vessels before returning to the heart.
  • Blood from the first set of capillaries collect in the portal vessel (sometimes called the portal vein) which then begin to branch again to supply a capillary network to a second location before entering a series of veins which lead to the heart.

Pg 13- 14

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11
Q

When and what endocrine glands develop during week 5 of gestation?

A
  1. Pituitary gland develops from the neurohypophyseal bud and the hypophyseal pouch
  2. Thyroid develops from the floor of the pharynx- 2nd pouch (thyroid diverticulum)
  3. Parathyroid and thymus develop from the 3rd and 4th pouch
  4. Pancreas develops from the foregut
  5. Adrenals develop from the intermediate mesoderm and neural crest.
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12
Q

How is the anterior pituitary gland formed?

A
  1. Growth of the epithelial cells due to FGF being produced by the mesenchymal cells around the surface.
  2. As it grows it leaves a hole in the middle which is called the hypophyseal pouch
  3. As it grows in, it starts to close off and leaves a little gap in the middle and become the anterior pituitary gland, by 16 weeks the anterior pituitary gland is formed

Pg 18

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13
Q

How does the posterior pituitary gland form?

A
  1. The neurohypophyseal bud is an in growing nerve tissue coming from the neural crest
  2. The previous bud forms and invagination and forms the infundibulum and it grows around /behind to hypophyseal pouch
  3. It then closes off to become the posterior pituitary gland.

Pg 18

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14
Q

Histology of the thyroid, parathyroid and adrenal gland and the pancreas.

A

Pg 19

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15
Q

Information on the thyroid gland.

A
  • Found in the next on top of the trachea and anterior to the trachea
  • below the larynx
  • two lobes of the thyroid are kept together by a small tissue called the isthmus
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16
Q

What are the clinical consequences in the thyroid gland?

A
  • low T3 and T4 and high TSH = Hypothyroidism
  • High T3 and T4 and low TSH - Hyperthyroidism
  • Low T3 and normal/low T4 and High TSH ( anti-TPO and anti-TG)- Hashimoto’s
  • high T3 and normal/high T4 and low TSH (TSI and anti-TSH) - Graves

Pg 20

17
Q

What are parafollicular cells?

A
  • Neuroendocrine cells that migrate into the thyroid during thyroid development in the embryo
  • produce peptide hormone thyrocalcitonin (calcitonin)
  • independent of thyroid hormone synthesis
  • Role to monitor plasma calcium concentrations and decreases the levels ( counters the function of PTH)
18
Q

What is the major and minor effects of the parafollicular cells (C-cells)?

A

Major - inhibit osteoclasts activity in bone

Minor - inhibit renal calcium and phosphate reabsorption in tubular cells so more calcium and phosphate is excreted.

Pg 21 for histology pictures

19
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands found and what is there function?

A
  • There are four parathyroid glands and 3 are superior to the isthmus and 2 are inferior to the isthmus
    1. Constantly monitoring the plasma calcium concentration
    2. When plasma calcium is low, the parathyroid gland makes parathyroid hormone (PTH)
    3. PTH causes the bones to release calcium into the blood and absorb more from the GI tract.
    4. Negative feedback loop ( blood calcium reaches set point, parathyroid gland stops making PTH).

Pg 23

20
Q

What systems is calcium important for and why?

A
  • Nervous, muscular and skeletal system
    1. Calcium provides electrical system for nerves (to conduct electricity) and muscles (to contract)
  • parathyroid disease ( overproduction of PTH from a parathyroid tumour leading to high blood calcium) causes symptoms in the brain, muscle and bones.
21
Q

What is found in the adrenal medulla?

A
  • Medulla is composed of a parenchyma pale staining cell called chromaffin cells - theses cells are modified neurons.
  • Numerous myelinated, Pre synaptic sympathetic nerve fibres pass directly to the chromaffin cells.
  • When nerve impulses reach the chromaffin cells, they release their secretory products - adrenaline and noradrenaline.
  • Therefore, chromaffin cells are considered the equivalent of post synaptic neurons.

Pg 25 for histology

22
Q

What is found in the adrenal cortex?

A

Three layers

  1. Zona glomerulosa - outer - e.g. aldosterone regulates Bp
  2. Zona fasciculata - middle e.g. glucocorticoids (cortisone/cortisol) mobilises fats, carbohydrates and proteins
  3. Zona reticularis- inner e.g. androgen precursors

Pg 26

23
Q

What are the behavioural changes and physiological adaptations when stress response is activated?

A

Behavioural changes

  • increased awareness and cognition
  • europhoria
  • enhanced analgesia

Physiological adaptations

  • Increased cardiovascular tone
  • Increased respiratory rate
  • increased intermediate metabolism
  • decreased vegetative functions e.g. feeding, digestion, growth, reproduction and immunity
24
Q

What are adrenal cortical hormones?

A
  • Glucocorticoids (cortisol) and mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
25
Q

Where are the principle effectors of stress response found?

A
  • They are localised in the hypothalamus, the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and the adrenal gland
    1. A signal that the body is under stress is received by the hypothalamus which releases corticotrophin (CRH)
    2. This passes down the portal system to the corticotrophs sitting in the anterior pituitary gland and they release ACTH (adrenal corticaltrophic hormone).
    3. The hormone binds to receptors in the adrenal cortex and the cortex stimulates the release of stress hormones
26
Q

What type of secretion do chromaffin cells undergo?

A

Because these cells are considered to be equivalent to post-synaptic neurones and they secret hormones directly into the bloodstream this is an example of neurocrine secretion

27
Q

What is the key points on the cells of the pancreas?

A
  • acinar glands
  • grouped into lobules
  • contain numerous zymogen granules
  • connect through numerous intercalated ducts to pancreatic duct
  • which joins with bile duct to the common bile duct
  • intercalated ducts lined with cuboidal epithelial cells.

Pg 32

28
Q

What are the exocrine function (acini) of the pancreas?

A
  • Trypsinogen (converted to trypsin
  • Chymotrypsinogen (converted to chymotrypsin)
  • lipases
  • amylase
29
Q

What are the endocrine functions (islet of Langerhans) of the pancreas ?

A
  • alpha cells - glucagon (catabolises glycogen to glucose)
  • beta cells - insulin (uptake and storage of glycogen)
  • s cell (check pg34) somatostatin (inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion

Body log (13 decks)

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