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Body log > Connective Tissue And Adipose Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue And Adipose Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue?

A
  1. Binding and storing
  2. Protecting - bones protecting vital organs
  3. Insulating (fat underlying skin)
  4. Transporting substances (blood and interstitium
  5. Storing fuel reserves and cells
  6. Separation of tissues (fascia and tendons and cartilage)
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2
Q

What are the different types of connective tissue?

A
  1. Loose connective tissue, also known as areola tissue, areola means little space e.g. lamina propria in mucosal membrane
  2. Dense connective tissue also known as fibrous collagenous tissue and it has two types
  • regular - fibres running parallel to each other
    Tendons and ligaments
  • irregular - fibres running in different directions
  • fascia - a thin sheath that separates muscle from other tissues
  • Aponeurosis - a thin sheath that connect muscle to muscle

Pg 41

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3
Q

What is the function of the loose connective tissue?

A
  • holds vessels that supply fluid
  • permits cell migration
  • involved in inflammation pathways
  • acts as packaging around organs
  • Cushions and stabilises organs
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4
Q

What are the 4 main cells found in the loose connective tissue?

A
  • fibroblast
  • macrophages
  • mast cells
  • adipocytes
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5
Q

What is the function of fibroblasts?

A
  • it synthesises and secretes fibres that are found in the ground substance (extracellular matrix)
  • they are important in wound healing and are the cells responsible for formation of scar tissue.

Pg 14

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6
Q

What can fibroblast be converted to?

A
  • Myofibroblast

- modified fibroblast that contains actin and myosin. They are responsible for wound contraction when tissues are lost.

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7
Q

What is the role of macrophages in loose connective tissue?

A
  • Move into loose connective tissue, especially when there is local inflammation.
  • They are phagocytic and can degrade foreign organisms and debris
  • They are antigen presenting cells and they can present foreign materials to B and T lymphocytes of the immune system

Pg 15

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8
Q

What is found in the cytoplasm of mast cells in loose connective tissue?

A

Contains abundant granules
Histamines - increases blood vessel wall permeability
Heparin - anticoagulant
Cytokines - attracts basophils and eosinophils

Pg 16

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9
Q

How does the mast cell work?

A
  • The cell becomes coated with IgE molecules which specifically bind allergens
  • When allergens cross-link theses surface bound IgE molecules p, the contents of the granules are rapidly released.

Pg 16

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10
Q

What are the different types of adipocytes?

A
  1. Unilocular adipocytes

2. Multilocular adipocytes

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11
Q

Where are unilocular adipocytes (white adipose tissue) found and what are there structures and functions ?

A
  • Most adipocytes in loose connective tissue is white/yellow (white adipocytes)
  • normal number of mitochondria
  • enormous droplet of lipid with the nucleus, cytoplasm and organelles squeezed to one side
  • padding and shock absorber, insulating and energy reserve.
  • in adults lipid breakdown is slow and generates heat through shivering reflex

Pg 17

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12
Q

What are multilocular adipocytes (brown adipose tissue) and what is its structure and function?

A
  • Multiple small lipid droplets, with the nucleus, cytoplasm and organelles squeezed into the centre of the cell
  • Increased mitochondria
  • insulation and energy reserve
  • very few found in adults
  • found in neonates and infants, lipid breakdown is accelerated and oxidative phosphorylation is uncoupled to generate heat
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13
Q

What are the four different fibres?

A
  • Collagen - multiple types, type 1 is the most important and common
  • Elastin - made up of hydrophobic amino acids - most common in aorta, lungs and skin
  • Reticulin - different type of collagen fibre, most common in lymphatic system
  • Fibrillin - glycoproteins essential for the construction of elastin fibres (wherever elastin is found)
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14
Q

What are the four types of collagen.

A
  1. Type 1 - most widely distributed, fibrils aggregate into fibres and fibre bundles (e.g. tendons, capsule of organs and skin dermis)
  2. Type ll - fibrils do not form fibres (hyaline and elastic cartilage)
  3. Type lll - fibrils form fibres around muscle and nerve cells and within lymphatic tissues and lymphatic organs (e.g. spleen) and in tendons. It is called reticulin.
  4. Type lV - unique form present in basement membrane ( considered part of epithelial tissues)
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15
Q

What are the different roles of the fibres in connective tissue?

A

Collage - flexibility and high tensile strength

Elastin - allows tissue to recoil after stretch or distension

Reticular/rectulin - provides supporting framework/sponge ( not found in loose/areolar tissue, only found in lymphatic system).

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16
Q

What is found in ground substance that allows for its structure and function?

A
  • it is viscous, clear and slippery feel ( has high water content
  • Composed of proteoglycans ( large macromolecule consisting of a core protein with glycosaminoglycans covalently bound to ).
  • Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are long chain polysaccharides and attract water to form hydrated gel
  • A unique GAG is hyaluronic acid which is bound to proteoglycans by link protein to form a giant hydrophilic macromolecule.
17
Q

What is important in the structure of proteoglycans

A
  1. Hyaluronate is key
  2. GAGs (chondroitin and keratan sulfate) are attached to the core protein
  3. In turn these are attached to hyaluronate.
  4. The sugar moieties attract water, but make the ground substance ‘sticky and slippery at the same time.

Pg 29

18
Q

Where can dense irregular connective tissue be found?

A
  • The superficial layer of the dermis
  • the skin can resist forces in multiple directions, preventing tearing
  • the elastic fibres allow for a degree of stretch and restoration to original shape after skin is bent and folded.

Pg 31-32

19
Q

What is an example of dense regular connective tissue and what is its function?

A
  • Tendons - connect muscle to bone
  • the collagen bundles lie parallel, densely packed formation in line with the tensile force exerted by the muscle
  • rows of elongated flattens fibroblast lie between the collagen bundles
20
Q

What is the myotendious junction?

A

Pg 34

21
Q

What is key in the tendon anatomy?

A
  • forces can be transmitted along collagen bundles because they glide over each other
  • mainly made up of water

The collagen is
70% collagen l
30% collage lll

22
Q

What is another example of dense regular connective tissue?

A
  • Ligaments
  • Connects bone to bone
  • Parallel collagen fibres
  • Not straight but undulated (wavy)
  • Wrapped in loose connective tissues - fascicles

Pg 37-38

23
Q

What is the three types of Fascia?

A

Fascia is a connective tissue

  • Superficial (on the surface)
  • Deep (underneath something else)
  • Visceral or parietal (right next to an organ or next to the skin)
24
Q

What is the fascia made up of?

A
  • Fascia is made up of fibrous connective tissue containing closely packed bundles of collagen fibres oriented in wavy pattern parallel to the direction of pull.
  • Flexible
  • Able to resist great unidirectional tension forces
25
Q

What is the Aponeuroses?

A
  • Pearly white fibrous tissue
  • Attaches:
    • flat muscles to muscles
    • tendon to tendon
    • tendon to ligament

Examples

  • Head
  • Abdomen
  • Foot
  • Hand
26
Q

What is the need for vitamin C?

A
  1. It is required for the intracellular production of pro collagen, it is involved as a co-factor for the enzyme that hydroxylates proline and lysine. ( which helps to form procollagen which is packaged, released and modified into collagen outside of the cell)
  2. Fibroblast secretes procollagen that is converted to collagen molecules outside the cell and the collagen molecules aggregate to form final collagen fibrils.
27
Q

What happens when there is no vitamin C?

A
  • Collagen formation is disrupted
  • Vitamin C deficiency leads to scurvy, a condition that includes
    • poor wound healing
    • impaired bone formation (strong collagen fibres is needed to make good bones
  • it is the hydroxylation process that is damaged, lysine hydroxylase requires vitamin C as its co-factor. Pg45
28
Q

What occurs to the collagen is Scurvy?

A
  • The thin collagen fibrils aggregate in some areas to form thick collagen fibrils.
  • The majority don’t aggregate and they remain as fibrils, it doesn’t come together and had no strength.
  • The collagen triple helix cannot be formed.
29
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of scurvy?

A
  • Gum disease (weak gums that bleed)
  • Bruising of the skin
  • Bleeding
  • Poor wound healing
30
Q

What is marfan’s syndrome ?

A
  • Autosomal dominant disorder in which expression of fibrillin 1 gene is affected such that elastic tissue is abnormal
31
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of marfan’s syndrome?

A
  • Individual is abnormally tall
  • Exhibits arachnodactyly - fingers and toes are very long and spider like, long limbs (legs and arms) and normal sized aorta.
  • Frequent joint dislocations
  • Risk of catastrophic aortic rupture - haven’t got enough elastin in the aorta
32
Q

What are the key concepts about elastic fibres?

A
  1. Elastin is a primary component of elastic fibres, but it enfolds and is surrounded by micro fibrils called fibrillin.
    - fibrillin is layed out first and then elastin grows in and around it

Sites at which elastic fibres have an important role

  • dermis
  • artery walls
  • lungs
  • sites bearing elastic cartilage
33
Q

What happens when you pull elastic fibres?

A
  • They straighten out and the have cross links between them and the cross links hold them in that position until the force is take away
  • When the force is taken away the elastin fibres spring back.
  • If the fibres are degraded or broken down by an enzyme, it will destroy the link and the rebound capacity
  • if you find amino acids desmosimes and isodesmosime in the urine that means the elastic fibres are broken down
34
Q

What are the three layers of blood vessels?

A
  • Tunica intima (in distinct endothelial cells) : epithelial layer next to the blood.
  • Tunic media (elastin lamellae): have elastic fibres so when the blood comes through they expand to take your extra volume of the blood.
  • Tunica adventitia (collagen): has a lot of smooth muscle and collagen on the outside and the collagen stops the vessel from getting too big and so it doesn’t burst
  • it is the smooth muscle in the aorta that produces elastin, collagen and matrix not fibroblast

Pg 50-53

35
Q

What is osteogenesis imperfecta?

A
  • Encompasses a number of different genetic aetiologies.
  • Mild to serve disease
  • Due to mutated collagen, fibres that do not knot together or insufficient collagen produced or both
36
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of osteogenesis imperfecta?

A
  • Weakened bones
  • short stature
  • blue sclera
  • Hearing loss
  • poor teeth development

Body log (13 decks)

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