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Body log > Bone, Bone marrow and Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Bone, Bone marrow and Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

What type of tissue is bone and blood?

A

Connective tissue

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2
Q

What are the different types of bones classified on basis of shape?

A
  1. Long
  2. Short
  3. Flat
  4. Irregular
  5. Sesamoid (sesame seed-like)
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3
Q

What are the structure and function of long bones?

A
  • Longer than they are wide .
    E.g. femur (longest bone) and small bone in the fingers.
  • Mostly located in the appendicular skeleton

Function: To support the weight of the body and facilitate movement

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4
Q

What are the structure and function of short bone?

A
  • Long as they are wide
  • Wrist and ankle joints
  • The carpals in the wrist (scaphoid) and the tarsals in the ankles (calcaneus)

Function: provides stability and some movement

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5
Q

What are the structure and functions of the flat bone?

A
  • Flattened with roughly parallel opposite edges
  • In the skull (occipital)
  • Thoracic cage (sternum and ribs)
  • Pelvis (ilium)

Function:

  • Protects internal organs
  • Also provides large areas of attachment for muscles.
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6
Q

What are the structure and function of the irregular bone?

A
  • Irregular bones vary in shape and structure and therefore do not fit into any other category
  • Fairly complex structures

Function:
• Protect internal organs.
- Vertebrae in the vertebral column protect the spinal cord.
- Pelvis (sacrum) protect organs in the pelvic cavity
- Provide important ‘anchor’ points muscle groups

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7
Q

What is the structure and function of the sesamoid bones?

A
  • Embedded in tendons
  • Small, round bones in the tendons of the hands, knees and feet
  • The patella is an example of a sesamoid bone.

Function: Protect tendons from stress, damage and from repeated wear and tear.

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8
Q

What are the different subtype of bone found within the bone?

A

Cancellous/spongy bone: forms a a network of fine bony columns or plates to combine strengths and lightness. The spaces are filled with bone marrow.
- 20% of the bodies skeletal mass.

Compact/cortical bone: forms the external surfaces of the bones
- 80% of the bodies skeletal mass.

Pg 13

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9
Q

What are the two types of bone marrow?

A

Red marrow and yellow marrow

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10
Q

What are the features and function of the red marrow?

A
  • Tends to be on the outside (surface of the spongy bone)
  • Full of developing blood cells
  • Rich blood supply (where it gets its colour)
  • Only found in spongy bone

Function: replenish cells in the blood (haemopoiesis)

Pg 14

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11
Q

What is the feature and function of yellow marrow?

A
  • Tends to be in the middle (inside of the spongy bone)
  • Full of adipocytes (why it is yellow)
  • poor blood supply (doesn’t need blood supply because the blood supply is coming from the red marrow)

Function:

  • Shock absorber and energy source
  • Can convert to red marrow.

Pg 14

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12
Q

What do cancellous (spongy) bone contain?

A
  • Contains trabeculae
  • Each trabeculum, consist of numerous osteocytes embedded within irregular lamellae of the bone.
  • Osteoblasts and osteocytes on their surfaces act to remove them.

Pg 15

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13
Q

What controls how the maturing cells leave the bone?

A

It’s all about the speed at which the blood passes through the bone that controls how the cells are going to get out.

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14
Q

How do the maturing cells leave the bone

A
  1. Bone is a living tissue, that has good blood supply which is fed through the nutrient artery which runs down the centre where you find bone marrow.
  2. The nutrient artery feeds blood into a number of capillaries which either come through into a mesh of sinusoidal capillaries which is where the cells in the grey area actually enter the blood system.
  3. Some of the blood doesn’t go into the sinuses. It goes up into a layer of cortical bone, called the periosteum which is a connective tissue layer, which has a number of cells including the osteoblasts and the osteoclasts. There is a blood vessel that runs through that and doesn’t feed into the nutrient artery, they feed back into the bone marrow itself.
  4. The periosteum capillaries feed back through the cortical bone ( is the blue part) into the sinusoidal plexus, which takes the cells as they mature into a central marrow vein and out the very large blood vessel.

Pg 17

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15
Q

What cell is found in the bone marrow and what is its role in selection?

A
  • Macrophages are cells that stay in the bone marrow and are never released.
  • They are important because they are involved in a process called selection.
  • Selection is when one of the cells which are poorly produced, the macrophage will get a signal about it and destroy it.
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16
Q

What type of vessels is does the blood flow though and what fibre is made?

A
  • They are sinusoid vessels, there are sinusoid (gaps) between the endothelial cells.
  • Reticular cells making reticular fibres.
  • Reticular fibres are important in holding sinusoid vessels together.

Pg 19

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17
Q

What is found at the edge of the bone (cortical bone)?

A

• At the edge of the bone, on the inside is the endosteum (inner part of the bone).

  • it is lined with osteoblasts and osteoclasts, there are more osteoblasts than osteoclasts.

Pg 17

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18
Q

What type of cell is found in the bone marrow and what does it do?

A
  • There are lots of stem cells, they are called mesenchymal stem cells (MSC).
  • They often come to the edge of the bone and attach to the osteoblasts.

• This is because the osteoblasts are receiving signals.

19
Q

On entering circulation where do newly formed RBCs and WBCs travel from?

A

Venule to intermediate vein to larger vein to vena cava (superior or inferior)

Which then goes into the right atrium through pulmonary circulation, around systematic circulation and back into the right atrium.

Newly formed WBCs take the same route

20
Q

During circulation when do RBCs become mature?

A

After 2 days.

  • Before becoming mature RBCs cannot pick upon oxygen because it has developed its haemoglobin properly
  • Takes 1-2 days for them to become mature/active.
21
Q

How do the T cells and B cells become activated?

A
  1. The T cells need the action of the thymus and the lymphatic organs.
    - T cells go into the thymus for a short period of time to become mature.
    - The T lymphocytes leave the thymus and travels to the lymphatic organs and stay there until they’re needed
  2. B cells are already mature and only made in the bone marrow.
22
Q

What is the flow in the capillaries controlled by, what are its features and functions?

A
  • By the precapillary Sphincters
  • They are found between arterioles and capillaries
  • Contain smooth muscle cells - contraction
  • When they are closed, blood is not allowed to flow through them

Function: Controls fluid exchange between the capillaries and the body tissues takes place at the capillary bed.

  • large cells cannot pass through capillaries and bypass the capillary bed.

Pg 24

23
Q

What are metarteriole?

A
  • They are special blood vessels between an arteriole and a venule and contain a slightly larger diameter than small capillaries found in the capillary beds.
  • They act as a vascular shunt when the capillary beds are switched off.
  • So if we’re reducing the blood flow through the capillary, then the sprinters shut down and stop blood running through the capillary bed.
  • To get the blood back from the heart they need to go through the metarterioles .
24
Q

What are arteriovenous anastomosis?

A
  • These structures don’t have much smooth muscle and look more like artery than a vein.

• It allows other large cells to move through very quickly from the arterial side to the venous side of the circulation.

Pg 24

25
Q

Why are sphincters important?

A
  • The sphincters are important because when they are open they allow blood into the capillary beds, but when closed, the blood has to find a different route.
  • So they are important in controlling the amount of fluid exchange that occurs between the capillaries and capillary bed.
  • WBC find it difficult to get across the capillary bed, so they need the vessels to open up in response to histamine release and this allows WBC’s to move into the tissue around the capillaries.

Pg 24

26
Q

What is a vein? And what are the 3 layers of the vein?

A

An elastic blood vessel that transports blood from various regions TO the heart.

  • Tunica intima – close to the blood and lined with endothelial cells
  • Tunica media – elastic fibres and smooth muscle cells.(allows for expansion of the vessel).
  • Tunica externa – elastic fibrous capsule. (Lots of collagen here and it restricts, so the vein doesn’t expand to much and break).

Pg 25

27
Q

What do all veins contain and what type of pressure system is it?

A
  • Non-return fibrobelastic cartilaginous valves, which assist flow towards the heart
  • Low pressure system : relies in muscle contraction to return blood to the heart
    e. g. calf muscles compress to aid movement against gravity
28
Q

What can cause vein problems?

A
  • Blood clots
  • Vein defect behind the valves - e.g. calcium build up behind the valve and the valve can not open and close properly, leading to blood flowing back.
29
Q

What are the four main types of veins?

A
  • Pulmonary veins: carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.
  • Systemic veins: return oxygen-depleted blood from the rest of the body to the right atrium of the heart
  • Superficial veins: that are located close to the surface of the skin and are not located near a corresponding artery. ( Blue/purple colour as they contain oxygen-depleted blood and haemoglobin with CO2 attached to it).
  • Deep veins: are located deep between tissues and are typically located near a corresponding artery with the same name (for example femoral artery and vein)
30
Q

What is the size of a vein?

A

• A vein can range in size from 1 mm to 1-1.5 cm in diameter

• Smallest veins in the body are venules
- They receive blood from arterioles and capillaries

• The venules branch into larger veins
- eventually carry the blood to the largest veins in the body, the
vena cavae.

• The superior vena cava and inferior vena cava drain into
the right atrium of the heart.

31
Q

What are arteries and what are the different layers found in the them?

A

Elastic blood vessels that convey blood away from the heart.

  • Tunica Intima - composed of an elastic membrane lining and smooth endothelium (non-fenestrated)
  • Tunica Media - composed of smooth muscle and elastic fibres. This layer is thicker in arteries than in veins and has two distinct elastic layers

•Tunica Externa (adventia) - the strong outer covering composed of collagen and elastic fibres
- allows arteries to stretch but prevents over expansion due to higher blood pressures than in the veins.

• Smaller lumen diameter than veins

Pg 29

32
Q

What are the differences in the structure of the vein and the artery?

A
  • Lumen of vein is larger than artery
  • The vein is collapsed because it doesn’t have the strength of the artery.
  • Artery had a thicker tunica externa than vein
  • The vessels have their own blood vessel around them called the vasa vasurum and their own nerves in the tunic externa called the Nervi vasurum (sensory neurones).

Pg 30-31

33
Q

What are collateral vessels?

A
  • Usually arterioles and they provide protection for tissues that may become compromised.
  • They are different from other blood vessels as they don’t connect arterial blood supply to venous blood supply. They connect arterial blood supply to arterial blood supply
  • They provide alternative path for arterial blood flow.
34
Q

How are collateral blood vessels generated?

A

• Some generated due to chronic disease such
as ischaemia (reduced blood flow)
(e.g. coronary arteries or around slow growing tumours).

  • Some produced during development (e.g. brain and joints)
  • Take time to develop

Pg 32 read examples

35
Q

What is Vasculogenesis?

A
  • formation of new blood vessels from angioblast precursors (bone marrow).

E.g.

  • During embryo development (heart and primitive vascular plexus).
  • newly formed cancers: cancer forms growth factors that’s attract mesenchymal stem cells to start vasculogenesis.
  • endometriosis (lining of uterus is not in the right place e.g. peritoneal cavity.
36
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A
  • Formation of new blood vessels from existing blood vessels.

E.g.

  • During fetal development
  • Collateral arteries
  • postnatal lung development
37
Q

What is the mechanism of Vasculogenesis?

A
  1. Loads of mesenchymal stem cells aggregate together during embryogenesis.
  2. As they come together they form growth factors that change the phenotype of the cells clustering together.
  3. They turn into angioblasts/ angiogenetic cell cluster, these cells split into cells that are around the outside which become the endothelial cells of a newly developed blood vessel.
  4. Cells in the middle which become primitive blood cell.
38
Q

What is the mechanism of Angiogenesis?

A
  1. Growth factor/stimulus comes in.
  2. The endothelial cell starts migrating away from the stimulus and the smooth muscle cells move out the way and the endothelial cells grow towards the stimulus or where the stimulus is.
  3. Once it gets to where it’s suppose to go the smooth muscle cell then redcoat the blood vessel as it goes along

Pg 33-34

39
Q

What are the two different types of Vasculogenesis?

A
  1. Sprouting

2. Intussusception

40
Q

What is the first step before Vasculogenesis splits to its two types in embryogenesis?

A

Production of a single vessel.

  1. VEGF produced by the endoderm
  2. Generates primary plexus, which fold into a primary vessel.

Pg 35

41
Q

What occurs in Sprouting?

A

Angiogenesis

  1. FGF produced by the mesenchymal cells
  2. Pericytes convert into smooth muscle.
    - Slow, takes hours to days
42
Q

What occurs in Intussusception?

A

Division of primary vessel

  1. Twinned vessels from the primary vessels (splitting one vessel into two by dividing in the middle).
  2. Needs multiple growth factors
    - explains why arteries and veins are close together (neurovascular bundles), the split vessels, one can be a vein or one can be an artery.
    - Quick, takes minutes to hours.

Pg 35

43
Q

What is the structure of the pericyte?

A
  • Immature smooth muscle like cells, found in the basal lamina close to the basement membrane.
  • Key component of capillaries
  • Have contractile properties
  • Involved in nerve cell communication (Blood-Brain barrier).

Pg 36

44
Q

What is the pericyte able to differentiate into and what is the function of the pericyte?

A
  • Endothelial cells, smooth muscle cell or fibroblast

Functions

  • Prevents endothelial cell proliferation.
  • Maintains tight capillaries e.g. blood brain barrier, in the retina.

Pg 36

Body log (13 decks)

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