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Body log > Blood and Haemopoiesis > Flashcards

Blood and Haemopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

What is Haemopoeisi?

A

The process of going from bone marrow to blood full of cells e.g. neutrophils, eosinophils

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2
Q

What are the features of Haemopoietic stem cells?

A
  • Found in the bone marrow.
  • Harmopoietic stem cells have the ability to self replicate and differentiate further.
  • Haemopoietic stem cells can go on to form common progenitors.

Pg 10

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3
Q

What are the features of common progenitors?

A
  • Common progenitors (myeloid and lymphoid progenitor) have the ability to differentiate into lineage bound. (Cannot go back and undifferentiated, once differentiated they stay doing that function).
  • Constantly replicating and differentiating driven by multiple hormones and chemical messengers
    E.g. cytokines, interleukins and hormones

Pg 10

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4
Q

What is the concept of selection?

A

• Not all cells found in the bone marrow will end up in the blood.

• Some will undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis) - quality control, removal of damaged cells
- some are just random

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5
Q

What is Erythropoiesis?

A
  • Process by which erythrocytes are formed
  • Common myeloid progenitor is converted to erythrocytes and is regulated erythropoietin.

Pg 12

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6
Q

What are general facts about red blood cells?

A
  • Life span of 120, which is then degraded by the liver/spleen, also damage RBC such as sickle cell are take up.
  • Takes 20 seconds for a RBC to circulate around the body once
  • 7 um in diameter
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7
Q

What are RBC good oxygen transporter?

A
  • Biconcave shape: Increase surface area for diffusion gases.
  • No nucleus/minimal organelles: maximises the oxygen holding capacity
  • No mitochondria: ensures that the oxygen isn’t used up (RBC use anaerobic respiration).
  • Haemoglobin to increase the affinity of oxygen binding (made from iron)
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8
Q

What occurs in Erythropoiesis?

A
  • Erythroblast starts with a large nucleus, prominent nucleoli and large amounts of RNA and is found in the bone marrow.
  • Gradually nucleus shrinks and is removed with majority if RNA and the RBC moved into the peripheral blood.

The erythroblast is purple/blue at the beginning as it contains a lot of RNA and then it because red as the RNA is removed.

Pg 16

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9
Q

What is an reticulocyte?

A
  • The final step/stage before the mature erythrocyte is produced - Once the nucleus is removed (nucleus removed in the step before reticulocyte).
  • Only a small amount of RNA is found to help make haemoglobin
  • removed in 1-2 days
  • High amount of reticulocyte is found in the blood when the body is recovering from blood loss

Pg 16&17

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10
Q

How will the body stimulate more RBC production after blood loss?

A
  1. the Kidneys sense tissue hypoxia (low oxygen).

2. Kidney will increase secretion of erythropoietin.

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11
Q

What is Erythropoietin?

A
  • A glycoprotein produced by the kidney to increase levels of red blood cells
  • Is produced by the kidneys in response to tissue hypoxia
  • Acts to stop programmed cell death (apoptosis) of erythrocyte progenitors

• Made in the liver during fetal life and is taken over by the
kidney around birth

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12
Q

What is Granulopoiesis?

A

Production of granulocytes e.g. neutrophils (12-15um), basophils(11-14um), eosinophils(10-12um).

  • Common myeloid progenitor converted to myeloblast and then to basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils.
  • Myeloblast are immature cells and should not be seen in the blood.

Pg 22

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13
Q

What are Granulocytes/Polymorphonuclear cells (polymorphs)?

A

Polymorphonuclear - nucleus has multiple lobes.

  • Sub group of white blood cells- fight infections inflammation.
  • Named due to the presence of granules within their cytoplasm.
  • All act to mediate inflammatory reactions in the body.
  • All act by releasing cytokines, interleukins, leukotrienes etc. which recruit various other immune cells.
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14
Q

What are the features and structure of neutrophils?

A

• Often first responder and first line of defence against
bacteria.

  • Can kill bacteria in multiple ways
  • Multilobed nucleus (usually 3-5)
  • 3 types of granules
  • Most abundant of the granulocytes
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15
Q

What are the function of neutrophils?

A

• Granules contains lysozomes, matrix metalloproteinases
(MMPs) and gelatinase : break down different component of different pathogens

  • Phagocytosis : engulfing pathogens and breaking them down by their enzymes
  • The middle person i.e signalling and antigen presentation: in inflammatory /immune response they will release messengers to signal to other immune cells.

Pg 26 - 27

  • Neutrophil Extracellular traps (NETS)
  • Respiratory burst - make free radicals that can damage the DNA of certain pain pathogens(bacteria) and cause cell death
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16
Q

What is Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)?

A
  • Secreted by multiple immune cells in the body and endothelial cells

• Usually released in response to inflammation

• Acts on the bone marrow to increase the number of circulating
neutrophils

• Increases the speed at which neutrophils mature as well as the numbers

17
Q

What is the structure and function of Basophils?

A

Structure
• Bilobed nucleus (cannot be seen as granules cover the surface of the cell)
• Purple granules (stained due to basic dye)
• Granules contain histamine and heparin

Function
• Release histamine to trigger inflammation: Histamine causes vasodilation and increases the number of cell and blood to a certain area, that’s why inflamed areas get hot
• Mediate hypersensitivy reactions (eg asthma).

Pg 29

18
Q

What is the structure and function of eosinophils?

A

Structure
• Granules contain
- antihelminthic proteins such as major basic protein and eosinophilic cationic protein
- Cell component destroying enzymes (eg phosphlipases and acid hydrolases)
• 2 nucleur lobes
• Spheric granules- eosinophilic (acid-loving) granules

Function
• Phagocytose pathogens
• Fight parasitic worms and have a role in inflammation/allergy?(anti-inflammatory)

19
Q

What occurs in Granulopoiesis?

A

All 3 lineages go through the process of:
• Nuclear condensation and lobulation
• Formation/increased numbers of granules

20
Q

How are monocytes and macrophages produced?

A

Common myeloid progenitor converted to myeloblast converted to monocyte converted to macrophage

Pg 3x

21
Q

What is the structure and function of a monocyte/macrophage?

A

Structure

  • Largest of all the mature blood cells
  • Unilobular horseshoe shaped nucleus

Function

  • Monocyte in the blood, macrophage in the tissue.
  • First line of defence
  • Phagocytose pathogens, cell debris and senescent cells.
  • Present foreign antigens

Pg 32-33

22
Q

What is Thrombopoiesis?

A

Formation of thrombocytes.

  • Common myeloid progenitor and regulated by Thrombopoietin to megakaryocytes and then goes into thrombocytes.

Pg 37

23
Q

What are the structures and functions of thrombocytes (platelets)?

A 
Structure 
• 2-3 µm in size 
• Biconvex shape 
• No nucleus- just cytoplasm 
• However, contains vast amount of proteins and
clotting factors 
• Have special receptors on surface which causes platelet aggregation
(gpIIb/gpIIIa)

Function
• Function to stop bleeding and mediate haemostasis

Pg 38-39

24
Q

What occurs in thrombopoiesis?

A
  • Upregulated by Thrombopoietin from the liver
  • Megakaryocyte breaking down which eventually form 2000-3000 platelets

Pg 40

25
Q

What is lymphopoiesis?

A

Process of the production of lymphocytes.

  • B lymphocyte
  • T Lymphocyte
  • Natural killer cell
  • Common lymphoid progenitor o natural killer cell or small lymphocyte
  • Small lymphocyte to T or B lymphocyte
  • B lymphocyte to plasma cell

Pg 41

26
Q

What are the functions of B cells?

A
  • Main function revolves around production of antibodies
  • Each B cell is specific to a specific antigen
  • Can activate T cells
  • Play a part in humoral adaptive immunity
  • Maturation occurs in the bone marrow and then in:
  • Intestines (peyers patches)
  • Spleen
  • Lymph nodes
27
Q

What are the functions of T lymphocytes (T cells)?

A
  • Kill virus-infected cells, neoplastic cells and transplanted tissue
  • Carry out cell-mediated immunity
  • Activate B cells to make antibodies using IL 4
  • Large nucleus with small rim of cytoplasm
  • Proliferation and activation caused by IL 2
  • Microscopically indistinguishable from B cells (6-9µm)
28
Q

Where do T cell migrate to ?

A
  • T cells start off in the bone marrow or fetal liver and then migrate to the thymus to mature.
  • Once matured they will migrate to secondary lymphoid organs where they will wait to be activated.

Pg 44

29
Q

What is plasma and what does it contain?

A
  • Water component of the blood.
  • The supporting medium for circulating blood cells

Consist of:

  • 92% Water
  • 8% Protein
  • Ions (Na,K,Cl, etc.)

Protein component hugely important

  • Albumin (liver)
  • Clotting factors (liver)
  • Hormones, cytokines, antibodies

Pg 47-48

Body log (13 decks)

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