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Cell Biology > Muscle > Flashcards

Muscle Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle?

A
  • Skeletal
  • Smooth
  • Cardiac
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2
Q

Which muscle controls voluntary movement?

A

Skeletal

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3
Q

Which muscle controls involuntary movement?

A

Smooth and cardiac

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4
Q

Which muscle is striated?

A

Skeletal

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5
Q

Which muscle is unstriated?

A

Smooth

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6
Q

What are the two functional classes of muscles? Give examples of both

A

Slow - intestinal tract muscles

Fast - biceps

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7
Q

What are the biochemical classes of muscles? What is the difference between both?

A

Red - lots of mitochondria

White - less glycolysis

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8
Q

Which muscle is multinucleate (peripherally located)

A

Skeletal

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9
Q

Which muscle has branched fibres?

A

Cardiac

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10
Q

Which muscle has Purkinje fibres?

A

Cardiac

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11
Q

Which muscle has unbranched fibres?

A

Skeletal and smooth

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12
Q

Which muscle has transverse tubules?

A

Skeletal

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13
Q

Which muscle has sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

Skeletal

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14
Q

Which muscle is semi-striated?

A

Cardiac

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15
Q

Which muscle is myogenic?

A

Cardiac

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16
Q

Which muscle has intercalated discs?

A

Cardiac

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17
Q

Which muscles is uninucleate?

A

Smooth and cardiac

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18
Q

Muscle zooming in

A

Fibre —> Fibrils —> Myofilaments

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19
Q

What kind of cell can myogenesis occur from?

A

Satellite cells

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20
Q

What do T-tubules in sarcolemma of skeletal muscles allow?

A

Co-ordinated contraction of muscle cells

21
Q

What does the sarcoplasmic reticulum store?

A

Calcium ions

22
Q

What does a myogenic muscle mean?

A

Cells initiate contraction without any external stimulation

23
Q

What molecule are Purkinje cells rich in?

A

Glycogen

24
Q

Sliding filament theory: what is the A-band?

A

The length of myosin

25
Q

Sliding filament theory: what is the I-band?

A

Length of actin that is not overlapped

26
Q

Sliding filament theory: what is the H-zone?

A

Actin-actin

27
Q

Sliding filament theory: what is the z-line?

A

The borders that separate and links the sarcomeres

28
Q

What is the name given to thin filaments in muscle fibres?

A

Actin

29
Q

What is the name given to thick filaments in muscle fibres?

A

Myosin

30
Q

How many actin molecules per filament?

A

380

31
Q

How many myosin molecules per filament?

A

300

32
Q

Structure of myosin

A

Coiled coil filaments with motor head domains on one end

33
Q

Structure of actin

A

G-actin molecules join to form thin filaments of F-actin

34
Q

What polypeptide wraps around actin?

A

Tropomyosin

35
Q

Which polypeptide do calcium ions bind to in the initiation of contraction?

A

Troponin

36
Q

What happens do the bands, zone and line during contraction?

A

During contraction, I bands and H zone shortens to bring the Z lines closer together, whilst A bands do not change their length

37
Q

What are the 3 biological activities that myosin performs?

A
  • Spontaneously assembles into filaments
  • Enzyme ATPase
  • Binds polymerised actin
38
Q

What is myosin made up of?

A

Two major chains (200, 000 MW each) and four light chains (1 pair 16, 000 MW, 1 pair 20, 000 MW)

39
Q

What is actin made up of?

A

Individual globular proteins, G-actin which form filaments together, F-actin

40
Q

Which enzyme catalyses the polymerisation of G-actin to F-actin?

A

ATPase

41
Q

What structure does F-actin have?

A

Chain of two α-helices

42
Q

What is the structure of tropomyosin?

A
  • Double α-helix

- About every 38.5 nm lies a troponin complex

43
Q

What are the three types of troponin? Give their functions

A

Tn I - inhibitory, binds actin
Tn T - binds tropomyosin
Tn C - binds calcium ions

44
Q

What occurs when calcium ions and Tn C are bound?

A

It unravels tropomyosin so that the myosin binding sites are revealed on the actin

45
Q

Why does myosin hydrolyse ATP?

A

To become reorientated an reenergised

46
Q

What does the binding of myosin heads to actin form?

A

Crossbridges

47
Q

What controls contraction?

A

Calcium ions and ATP

48
Q

How do calcium ions control contraction?

A
  • Cytosolic calcium levels usually low
  • Few Tn C sites occupied by calcium ions and cross bridge formation is blocked my tropomyosin
  • Action potential releases calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which binds to Tn C, changes the conformation of tropomyosin revealing the myosin heads so cross bridges can form –> contraction

Cell Biology (21 decks)

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