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Cell Biology > Cell Theory > Flashcards

Cell Theory Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the three principles of cell theory?

A
  • All living cells come from pre-existing cells
  • The cell is the basic unit of life
  • All living organisms are composed of cells
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2
Q

Who was the first inspiration of cell theory?

A

Robert Hooke

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3
Q

What did Robert Hooke observe under a microscope to then coin the term “cells”?

A

A cork

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4
Q

Who else contributed to cell theory?

A

Schleiden and Schwann

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5
Q

Do prokaryotes and eukaryotes both have a nucleus?

A

Nucleus is only present in eukaryotes. Prokaryotes have non membrane bound DNA

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6
Q

Do prokaryotes and eukaryotes both have cell walls?

A

Usually only prokaryotes have a cell wall as well as a plasma membrane

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7
Q

What is the general size of a prokaryote?

A

1-10µm

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8
Q

What is the general size of an eukaryote?

A

10-100µm

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9
Q

Examples of prokaryote

A

Archae, bacteria

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10
Q

Examples of eukaryotes

A

Plants, animals

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11
Q

What is a microelectrode?

A

An electrode of very small size, used in neurobiology. Traces electrical signals

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12
Q

What is the principle behind the use of fluorescent dyes in cell biology?

A

Based on shining light of a specific wavelength on the sample which is then edited at a different wavelength and observed

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13
Q

What two types can bacteria be split into?

A

Gram positive or gram negative

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14
Q

What does it mean for a bacterium to be gram positive?

A

Thicker peptidoglycan layer which retains the crystal violet stain

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15
Q

What does it mean for a bacterium to be gram negative?

A

Do not retain stain. Peptidoglycan layer lies between two membranes

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16
Q

What disease is involved with a deficiency in scramblase?

A

Scott’s disease

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17
Q

What kind of proteins are membrane transport proteins?

A

Multi-pass integral membrane protein

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18
Q

What is uniport transport?

A

When a molecule is transported through a membrane via a carrier

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19
Q

What is symport transport?

A

When a molecule is transported with a co-transported ion via carrier

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20
Q

What is antiport transport?

A

When a molecule is transported through one way and an ion is co-transported the opposite way via carrier

21
Q

What gives an electrochemical gradient?

A

The combination of membrane potential and concentration gradient

22
Q

What 3 things help to maintain membrane asymmetry?

A
  • Tight junctions
  • Lipid rafts
  • Flippase
23
Q

Give an example of how the lipid composition of each leaflet differs?

A

Phosphatidyl-serine is found in the cytosolic monolayer to help maintain negative potential across membrane

24
Q

Examples of proteins that carry out active transport

A
  • Coupled carrier (symport/antiport transport
  • ATP-driven pumps
  • Light-driven pumps
25
Q

What is the cytoskeleton composed of?

A
  • Thick filaments
  • Thin filaments
  • Intermediate filaments
  • Microtubules
26
Q

What is the thick filament in the cytoskeleton?

A

Myosin

27
Q

What is the thin filament in the cytoskeleton?

A

Actin

28
Q

G/F actin?

A

G-actin is a helical polymer and can form the trimer F- actin

29
Q

What are the microtubules in the cytoskeleton for?

A

Structural support and subcellular motility, especially in mitosis

30
Q

Where do the microtubules originate from?

A

Centrosome

31
Q

What are the intermediate filaments for?

A

Structural support

32
Q

Peripheral membrane proteins can form a __________ cytoskeleton

A

Submembranous/Cortical

33
Q

What is the “+” and “-“ end found on filaments?

A

The plus end is the growing end where molecules are added

The minus end is the shrinking where where molecules leave

34
Q

What does the cortical cytoskeleton mainly consist of?

A

Spectrin

35
Q

Which cell is used as an example of a cell with a sub membranous cytoskeleton?

A

Erythrocyte

36
Q

What are the two forms of spectrin?

A

Alpa and beta

37
Q

What can spectrin form?

A

A dimer

38
Q

What do spectrin dimers bind to?

A

Protein band 4.1 and ankyrin

39
Q

What protein band does spectrin bind to?

A

4.1

40
Q

What does does protein band 4.1 bind to?

A

Actin

41
Q

What kind of meshwork is formed?

A

A spectrin-actin meshwork

42
Q

What is the spectrin-actin meshwork anchored by?

A

Ankyrin

43
Q

What kind of membrane protein is ankyrin?

A

Peripherally associated membrane protein (which is bound to integral membrane proteins)

44
Q

What does the cortical cytoskeleton provide?

A

Provides the plasma membrane with strength and resilience (also forms mechanical barriers to diffusion)

45
Q

What would happen if the cortical cytoskeleton didn’t cause the plasma membrane to have a biconcave shape?

A

The erythrocytes would tear when going through capillaries

46
Q

What is your blood group determined by?

A

The structure of the oligosaccharides

47
Q

What does the structure of oligosaccharides determine?

A

Blood group

48
Q

Which blood group is the universal donor?

A

O

49
Q

Which blood group is the universal acceptor?

A

AB

Cell Biology (21 decks)

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