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TOB > Muscle > Flashcards

Muscle Flashcards

0
Q

What can be found in the deep fascia?

A

Large blood vessels, nerves and small amounts of fat

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1
Q

What is the deep fascia?

A

Dense connective tissue which surrounds adjacent muscles, in between muscles and bends them into functional groups.

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2
Q

Describe and explain the appearance of skeletal muscle

A

Pink due to pigmentation, myoglobin and vascularisation

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3
Q

In skeletal muscle what does the power output depend on?

A

Number of muscle fibres which can be increased by increased exercising

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4
Q

Where is the T tubule located in skeletal muscle?

A

AI junction

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5
Q

Describe the layers of skeletal muscle

A

Fascicles, myofibres, myofibrils, microfilaments. Epimysium surrounds muscles/organs, perimysium surrounds fascicles and endomysium surrounds individual muscle cells/fibres

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6
Q

What types of fascicles can there be?

A

Architectural patterns - parallel, circular, pennate etc. the pattern determines the range and power.

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7
Q

Describe red muscle in skeletal muscles.

A

Slow - lots of myoglobin, rich vascularisation, numerous mitochondria, fatigue slowly, rich in oxidative enzymes, poor in ATPase, fewer NMJ

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8
Q

Describe white muscle in skeletal muscles

A

Fast - poor vascularisation, few myoglobin, few mitochondria, faster and stronger contractions, poor oxidative enzymes, more NMJs

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9
Q

What are cross bridges?

A

HMM - contraction via breakdown of ATP by myosin ATPase

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10
Q

Describe the banding in skeletal muscle

A

Myosin filament, H zone, A band, Z line and I band

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11
Q

Describe the effects of contraction on the bands in skeletal muscle

A

I and H become smaller in length whereas A remains the same

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12
Q

Describe the structure of actin

A

Double helical, tropomyosin lies in a groove

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13
Q

Describe the structure of troponin

A

Attached through tropomyosin, one is a Ca2+ receptive protein

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14
Q

Out of myosin and actin which is thick and which is thin?

A 
Myosin = thick
Actin = thin
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15
Q

What is a tendon?

A

Fibrous cord that extends from the muscle to connect it to bone

16
Q

What is aponeurosis?

A

Broad, flat structure that attaches bone or other adjoining structures

17
Q

What are the functions of smooth muscle?

A

Slow contraction, hormonal stimulation, gap junction, less ordered interaction of myosin and actin

18
Q

Describe the structure of smooth muscle

A

Fusiform, long cells. Only a few exhibit nuclei when transversely sectioned

19
Q

Where would you find smooth muscle?

A

Contractile part of wall of GI tract, respiratory tract, ducts/glands, urinary and genital ducts, veins/arteries, muscles of iris in eye

20
Q

Can skeletal muscle regenerate?

A

Yes, to a degree. In gross damage scar tissue will be formed

21
Q

What do purkinje fibres do?

A

Spread impulse to the heart

22
Q

Describe the structure and location of purkinje fibres

A

Fewer myofilaments, fibrils and Fewer intercalated discs. Beneath endocardium on internal surface of the heart. Commonly found along the inter-ventricular septum.

23
Q

Describe intercalated discs

A

They are specialised junctions. Facing membranes have grooves and reciprocal pits. They have strong horizontal components (Z bands). Weaker vertical components contain gap junctions

24
Q

What is brown atrophy of heart?

A

Atrophy of heart caused by lipofuscin pigment

25
Q

Where are the T tubules in cardiac muscle?

A

Lie at the Z band

26
Q

What are the main characteristics of cardiac muscle?

A

Elongated nuclei, fibres may bifurcate, cells joined by intercalated discs, fibres contain large numbers of sarcosomes with many cristae

27
Q

Does cardiac muscle regenerate?

A

Does not regenerate when injured. Cardiac muscle is more resistant to injury than the other types of muscle. Damage is contained by formation of fibro-connective scar tissue

28
Q

What is the role of calcium in muscle contraction?

A

Triggers contraction via troponin. Sarcoplasmic reticulum forms vesicles which in the presence of ATP reversibly take up Ca2+. Release of Ca2+ under control of T tubule membrane depolarisation triggers contraction via troponin.

29
Q

How does smooth muscle recuperate after injury?

A

Proliferation and differentiation of primitive smooth muscle into new muscle fibres

30
Q

How does skeletal muscle recuperate after injury?

A

Connective tissue of endomysium and perimysium divides and differentiates into myoblasts which fuse to form new muscle fibres

31
Q

What is myopathy?

A

Muscle weakness that is not a result of NS or emotional disorders. Causes impaired muscles, cramps etc.

32
Q

What is atrophy?

A

Wasting of muscle tissue as a result of lack of use, immobilisation, loss of nerve supply

33
Q

What is dystrophy?

A

Defective muscular nutrition

34
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Increased number of myofibrils, increased exercise, in pregnancy the uterus increases in size.

TOB (15 decks)

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