Glands

Question 0

Describe the process of glycosylation

Answer 0

Glycosylation occurs in the golgi. Different compartments are packaged through condensation, adding to proteins/lipids

Question 1

Where does glycosylation occur?

Answer 1

Cisternae of the golgi apparatus

Question 2

What are the functions of glycosylation?

Answer 2

Adhesion to substrates, mobility of cells, communication, contact inhibition of movement, gives rise to specificity.

Question 3

Describe the three main salivary glands

Answer 3

Parotid - serous secretions only, submandibular and sublingual - serous and mucous secretions

Question 4

What are the three main types of secretion?

Answer 4

Holocrine - lysing of cells
Apocrine - bubbling off from membrane - non membrane boudn structures push up on apical membrane
Merocrine - exocytosis

Question 5

What types of glands are there?

Answer 5

Tubular/acinar, coiled/branched, simple/compound, endocrine/serous/mucous

Question 6

How can secretion be controlled?

Answer 6

Chemically, neurally, endocrine system or neuro-endocrine system.

Question 7

How are glands classified?

Answer 7

Destination of secretion, structure of gland, nature of secretion, method of discharge

Question 9

What is endocytosis?

Answer 9

Cellular ingestion by which plasma membrane fold inwards to bring substances into the cell - used in transepithelial transport

Question 10

Define the term exocrine gland

Answer 10

Gland with ducts

Question 11

Define the term endocrine gland

Answer 11

Ductless gland which secretes substances directly into the blood

Question 12

Describe merocrine secretion

Answer 12

Vesicle fuses with plasma membrane, contents of vesicle in continuity with extracellular space, membrane made larger, membrane retrieved. (exocytosis)

Question 13

Describe apocrine secretion

Answer 13

Non-membrane bound structure approaches plasma membrane, pushes up on apical membrane, droplet formed, membrane = smaller, membrane added

Question 14

Describe holocrine secretion

Answer 14

Disintegration of entire cell, release of contents

Question 15

How is transepithelial transport achieved?

Answer 15

Material endocytosed, transport vesicle shuttles it across, material/vesicle exocytosed at other end

Question 16

Describe the structure of the golgi apparatus

Answer 16

Disc-shaped cisternae, one side is convex, one side is concave, discs have swelling at their edges, distal swellings pinch off

Question 17

What are the functions of the golgi body?

Answer 17

Sorting into different compartments, condensation, glycosylation, transport

Question 18

Give an example of nervous control

Answer 18

Sympathetic nervous stimulation of adrenal medullary cells leading to release of adrenaline

Question 19

Give an example of endocrine control

Answer 19

ACTH stimulates cortex of the adrenal gland to secrete hormones (e.g. cortisol)

Question 20

Give an example of neuro-endocrine control

Answer 20

Nervous cells of the hypothalamus control ACTH secretion from anterior pituitary gland

Question 21

Give an example of negative-feedback mechanism

Answer 21

Inhibitory effect of high thyroxine levels on TSH synthesis by the anterior pituitary gland

Question 22

Where might exocrine glands be located?

Answer 22

Goblet cells in jejunum, parotid glands, submandibular glands

Question 23

Where might endocrine glands be located?

Answer 23

Pancreas, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands