Immunity

Question 0

How are epithelial cells utilised in immune responses?

Answer 0

They have fast reactions, produce natural antibiotics (cationic antibacterial peptides e.g. defensins), mobile cilia, selectively permeable barrier, rapid renewal, produce cytokines/chemokines, may produce mucins, transport antibodies

Question 1

Describe typical signs of inflammation

Answer 1

Heat, swelling, redness, pain, loss of function

Question 2

What are the first barriers to infection?

Answer 2

Epithelia - rapid regeneration. Blinking, tears, ear wax, nasal hairs, coughing, sneezing, mucociliary escalator, vomiting, digestive enzymes, peristaltic gut movement, urine flow

Question 3

Describe adaptive immunity

Answer 3

Specific, learnt by experience, has memory

Question 4

Describe innate immunity

Answer 4

Present from birth, not specific, not enhanced, no memory

Question 5

What are neutrophils specialised for?

Answer 5

Anaerobic conditions

Question 6

What are the humoural aspects of innate immunity?

Answer 6

Complement - destruction directly or with help of phagocytic cells, transferrin - deprive them of iron, interferrons - inhibit viral replication, lysozymes - break down peptidoglycan walls in bacteria, fibronectin - opsonises bacteria and promotes their phagocytosis, TNF-alpha suppresses viral rep and promotes phagocytosis

Question 7

What are the cellular components of innate immunity?

Answer 7

Macrophages and monocytes - phagocytosis and antigen presentation, neutrophils - phagocytic and anti-bacterial, eosinophils - anti-parasitic/allergy, basophils and mast cells - allergy, natural killer cells - recognise and kill abnormal cells e.g. tumour cells

Question 8

What are the humoural aspects of the adaptive immune system?

Answer 8

Cytokines - promote differentiation and proliferation of lymphocytes, perforin - released by Tk and destroys cell walls, antibodies - neutralisation, opsonisation and complement activation

Question 9

What are the cellular components of the innate immune system?

Answer 9

Th - activated when it binds to CD4 receptor - Th and T memory cells produced, Tk cells - releases perforin when cell is infected, B cells - produce memory cells and plasma cells when activated by Th cells and release cytokines

Question 10

Which of the two immunities has a faster response?

Answer 10

Innate immunity

Question 11

Which of the two immunities has a longer lasting effect?

Answer 11

Adaptive immunity