MUS 3306 Elem Orch - Test #1 Flashcards
Other Violin names
Geige
Other Viola names
Alto/Bratsche
Other Double bass names
Kontrabass
Legato
Under one slur, one bow direction
Détaché
(on-the-string technique); “detached” but not so detached or accented as staccato, separate bow stroke direction, can hear the articulation of the bow change (punta d’arco for “end” of bow = lighter)(down bow marking or “au talon” for frog/heavy)
Martele or Marcato
(on-the-string technique); bow does not leave string, stop between notes, heavy accent
Staccato (separate bow vs. slurred)
Stacatto (on-the-string technique)
1) Separate bow staccato (standard marked staccato)
2) Slurred staccato: similar to loure, one bow direction with space between the notes; natural crescendo from bow (dim/cresc) can create more phrase linearity
Loure
or Portato; (on-the-string technique); “brush strokes,” connected, legato, stopping while remaining on the string (use slurs to show direction = dashes over or under note heads, while slurs show change of bowing direction
Hooked bowing (see p 27, example 2-34)
Spiccato
Spiccato/saltando (off-the-string technique)
“springing of the bow”
1) spiccato - conscious - determined by speed & lightness; notated by staccato dots
2) saltando - spontaneous - determined by speed & lightness; notated by staccato dots
Slurred spicato - staccato & slurred; spicato in one bow direction; similar to slurred stacatto but the bow comes off the string
Jeté or Ricochet
Richochet - bouncing the string (3-6 notes on violin/viola; 3-4 on cello/bass
Typical string range/open strings on each individual instrument
String designations (I, II, III, IV)
No more than 2 octaves above open string.
Violin (G3, D4, A4, E5)
Viola (C3, G3, D4, A4)
Cello (C2, G2, D3, A3)
Bass (E1, A1, D2, G2; C1 w/extension or 5-string)
IV-I low to high
String section size:
First Violins 16-18 players
Second Violins 14-16
Violas 10-12
Cellos 10-12
Basses 8-10
Measured Tremolo
Bowed; short hand for series of repeated detache notes; one or two slashes breaking up the beat into smaller durations (bar counts as one slash, so sixteenths w/slashes become unmeasured)
Unmeasured Tremolo
Bowed; short quick up and down strokes repeating a single pitch AS MANY TIMES AS POSSIBLE during the length of a written note
Fingered Tremolo
Equivalent of trill, but at an interval larger than m2/M2 (so the pitch needs to be notated); three slashes; can be slurred for single bow, or detache (no slur)
Snap pizz. or “Bartok pizz.”
denoted by circle with vertical line at the top
Left-hand pizz.
pizz with left hand while playing; denoted w/+ symbol
Sordino (con sordino; senza sordino)
mute
Scordatura
alternative tunings
Sul tasto
toward the fingerboard; flute-y, soft, hazy (also flautando)
Sul ponticello
toward the bridge upper partials create glassy, metallic, errie sounds
Col Legno
tapping (battato), bowing (tratto)
Down Bow
pulling hand away from instrument; gets softer; more accented attack; typical played on downbeat pulses
Up Bow
hand towards instrument; pushing; gets louder; natural crescendo; anacrusis
Natural Harmonic
Only applies to open strings and the overtone series you get from that
-2nd partial (splitting string in 1/2 gives you an 8v when fingered) - harmonic will be 1st octave above open string
-3rd partial (splitting string in 1/3 gives you a P5 when fingered) - harmonic will be an octave plus a 5th above open string (12th)
-4th partial (splitting string in 1/4 gives you a P4 when fingered) - harmonic will be 2nd octave above open string
-5th partial (splitting string in 1/5 gives you a M3 when fingered) - harmonic will be M3 above 2nd octave above open string (17th)
Artificial Harmonic
Touch 4 - two octaves up
Touch 5 - one octave + P5 up
Double Stops
strings must be next to each other
Multiple Stops
Only two at a time, three with pressure, four requires arpeggiating
