Mumbai Flashcards
where is Mumbai
west coast of india
what did the british empire ship from Mumbai to England for manufacturing
raw cotton
how much of India’s foreign trade did Mumbai account for in 2015
40%
when did Mumbai begin to rapidly develop
following india’s independence from the British in 1947
Mumbai’s population of ___ make Mumbai India’s largest city
20 million
what is the population set to rise to by 2020
24 million
giving it the highest population density of any city- strain on infrastructure
which national park is located in Mumbai? what regularly happens as a result
sanjay Ghandi national park
animals escape into the city- leopard attacks are frequent
what is the climate like
monsoon climate
extreme variation in rainfall throughout the year
what 3 industries is Mumbai considered the centre of india
financial
entertainment
fashion
what percentage of india’s exports leave through Mumbai’s port
more than 50%
example of TNC founded and based in Mumbai
tata group
why do TNCs often locate in Mumbai
workers are educated and skilled, but are paid less than in HICs
there a huge number of workers in the ___ sector
informal
what was the percentage decrease in manufacturing between 1980 and 1990? why did this decrease occurred?
7%
manufacturing moved to other NEEs where labour is cheaper
where are the wealthy parts of Mumbai
south (banking and financial centre)
where is there extreme poverty
dharavi slums
what type of housing is in the wealthy parts
high quality apartments (due to land pressure)
air conditioning and pools
why is it argued that government policies are depriving the poor of their fundamental rights?
schemes are aimed at wealthy city workers
eg railway investment only benefits the wealthy and middle class
Mumbai’s population has nearly doubled since ___
1991
why has Mumbai’s population increased so much
due to an influx of migrants from other parts of india seeking employment opportunity
what percentage of the population live in slums
60%
how many languages does Mumbai’s population speak
16 major languages
why has Mumbai produced so many English speaking IT and engineering graduates?
what has this led to?
the government has invested in university education
many English companies have invested- leading to increased wealth
what is the total literacy rate of Mumbai
85.6%
what is the difference between the literacy rate for males and females ?
what does this highlight?
7.3%
highlighting the gender divide, the gap is slowly closing as women are becoming more empowered
what type of business boomed in the early 2000s in Mumbai
call centres
how much do the thousands of micro-industries in dharavi earn annually?
examples of industries present?
$650 million
garment makers, tanner and potters
some residents of dharavi have turned to the unregulated and unsafe business of ___
rag picking and scouring rubbish heaps to earn a living
years of government neglect in Dharavi has led to
inadequate hygiene standards- each toilet is shared by over 1,000 residents
poor housing quality
lack of basic infrastructure
what will the government led Dharavi Redevelopment Project give residents who have lived in slums since 2000
a 300 square foot house for free
how many doctors are there for every 100,000 people
54 doctors
how many people is Mumbai’s existing healthcare system designed to treat
up to 7 million people
why do many go without medical help
they can’t afford it, and there are long delays for the free healthcare
why is it difficult to compare pollution statistics
due to different methods of recording data
what does some of the pollution data suggest about Mumbai
it is among the most polluted cities in the world
what percentage of air pollution is caused by waste burning? why is this bad for the population
27.5%
results in toxic chemicals being released- dangerous for residents and causes respiratory illness
high particulate levels can increase the risk of cancer
what percentage of air pollution is caused by transport?
why do cars emit such high levels of pollution?
22.7%
there is insufficient control over vehicle emission levels
what percentage of air pollution is generated through domestic cooking and heating? why is this?
11.3%
many families are reliant on coal fires
what percentage of air pollution is from diesel generators?
14.6%
companies based in Mumbai are causing lots of air pollution because they are taking advantage of ___
relaxed planning laws
which rubbish incineration plant causes most of the industrial air pollution?
how many times over the safe air pollution is this during its nightly burning?
Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation
13 times greater than the safe limit
how many vehicles are driven daily on Mumbai’s roads? why are a lot of cars in poor condition?
4 million
many are second hand, and there are no MOTs to check their condition
how have car owners been encouraged to reduce air pollution?
buy hybrid cars
taxes have been increased for car owners
give an example of public transport improvement
Mumbai’s first monorail opened in 2012
each of the 4 coaches has the capacity for 500
aims to ease congestion and traffic pollution in central Mumbai
rubber tyres also reduce noise pollution
what was the slogan used in Mumbai’s first cyclothon in 2010?
how many attended?
what are the concerns with cycling in Mumbai?
‘Burn fat, not fuel’
over 7,000 participants
concerns over cyclist safety as there are a lack of road regulations
what industrial legislation has been introduced to reduce air pollution
chimneys have to be over a certain height, so smoke particles are dispersed more easily by the wind
chimneys need filters to remove poisonous particulates
where do industries with large amounts of toxic waste need to be located?
away from densely populated urban areas to prevent industrial accidents
what are the benefits of the green roof scheme
they filter pollutants out of the air and run off water- reduces respiratory illness
reduce the heat island effect
help cool houses = less air conditioning = less electricity needed
where was the gas leak in 2010 causing 76 to be emitted to hospital
sewri industrial park
how many of india’s rivers were found to be polluted in 2010?
why was this?
50%
sewage flows in open drains, having serious impacts on groundwater quality and human health
what are the impacts on human health from water pollution
diseases like cholera and diarrhoea are widespread
water pollution causes poor nutrition and the underdevelopment of children
what strategies were implemented in 2010 to clear up the River Mithi
unemployed people hired to clean up the river
authorities set up a proper rubbish collection system
authorities began to close all unauthorised waste dumping
what longer term strategies are being implemented on the river Mithi to reduce water pollution
sewers are being installed on both banks of the river, with sewage treatment plants constructed at various locations
dredge the entire length of the river to improve carrying capacity
provide public toilets at regular intervals so less human waste enters the river
why is there a large amount of dereliction in Mumbai
due to inequality
little is being done to tackle the dereliction
why do urban poor live in derelict buildings
as they provide shelter in bad weather
when are monsoon rains in Mumbai
why do they have such a big impact on the city
between june and September
the city is built on low lying land
impacts of the 2005 floods
over 400 people died
over 10,000 homes were destroyed
city suffered losses of £1.2 billion
public transport was completely shut down
water supplies, electricity and communication shut down
why did urban growth worsen 2005 floods
rapid and uncontrolled development has replaced most public parks, gardens and swamps- less infiltration
impermeable surfaces increased surface run off
what is the Greater Mumbai Disaster Management Action Plan aiming to do for the city
identified the risks and vulnerabilities the city would face in the future (eg flooding and earthquakes)
co-ordinate relief and rescue efforts
widened and deepened the Mithi to reduce flood risks
when was the Greater Mumbai Disaster Management Action Plan implemented
after the 2005 floods
why do many environmentalists think that despite the efforts by the Greater Mumbai Disaster Management Action Plan, Mumbai is still in danger of flooding?
building is happening on floodplains
mangrove forests are being removed
storm drains and waterways are being clogged by plastic rubbish
why has the IPCC predicted that Mumbai will be the second most at risk city in the world
rainfall, heat, humidity increases and sea level rise will have severe impacts on the city
what percentage of Mumbai will be underwater in the next 100 years if sea levels continue to rise at the same level?
impacts?
40%
destroy essential infrastructure
millions of homes submerged by coastal flooding
why have many of the schemes that Mumbai have adopted being called unsustainable?
they don’t involve the whole community- so their needs aren’t met
strategies such as dredging have many negative impacts
why is Advanced Locality Management considered sustainable
involves rag pickers collecting waste from people’s houses- reduces the amount of waste going to landfill
reduces the number of people scavenging on landfill sites- reducing health risks
what is the Ecoreco scheme
offers payment for e-waste
why is Ecoreco considered sustainable
helps electronics to be recycled- reduces the need for extraction
reduces health risks from slum dwellers breaking down the e-waste in their homes
why is the green roof scheme considered sustainable
city lacks open green space
green space help incorporate vegetation and reduce air pollution
name some religious groups found in Mumbai
hindus
muslims
Buddhists
Christians
what does Mumbai’s diverse population have problems with
racism
in 1989 what percentage of households were migrants
46%
how do foreign investors perceive Mumbai
a place of opportunity
cheap, skilled workforce
