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Geography-- Contemporary Urban Environments > Mumbai > Flashcards

Mumbai Flashcards

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1
Q

where is Mumbai

A

west coast of india

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2
Q

what did the british empire ship from Mumbai to England for manufacturing

A

raw cotton

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3
Q

how much of India’s foreign trade did Mumbai account for in 2015

A

40%

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4
Q

when did Mumbai begin to rapidly develop

A

following india’s independence from the British in 1947

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5
Q

Mumbai’s population of ___ make Mumbai India’s largest city

A

20 million

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6
Q

what is the population set to rise to by 2020

A

24 million

giving it the highest population density of any city- strain on infrastructure

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7
Q

which national park is located in Mumbai? what regularly happens as a result

A

sanjay Ghandi national park

animals escape into the city- leopard attacks are frequent

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8
Q

what is the climate like

A

monsoon climate

extreme variation in rainfall throughout the year

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9
Q

what 3 industries is Mumbai considered the centre of india

A

financial
entertainment
fashion

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10
Q

what percentage of india’s exports leave through Mumbai’s port

A

more than 50%

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11
Q

example of TNC founded and based in Mumbai

A

tata group

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12
Q

why do TNCs often locate in Mumbai

A

workers are educated and skilled, but are paid less than in HICs

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13
Q

there a huge number of workers in the ___ sector

A

informal

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14
Q

what was the percentage decrease in manufacturing between 1980 and 1990? why did this decrease occurred?

A

7%

manufacturing moved to other NEEs where labour is cheaper

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15
Q

where are the wealthy parts of Mumbai

A

south (banking and financial centre)

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16
Q

where is there extreme poverty

A

dharavi slums

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17
Q

what type of housing is in the wealthy parts

A

high quality apartments (due to land pressure)

air conditioning and pools

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18
Q

why is it argued that government policies are depriving the poor of their fundamental rights?

A

schemes are aimed at wealthy city workers

eg railway investment only benefits the wealthy and middle class

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19
Q

Mumbai’s population has nearly doubled since ___

A

1991

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20
Q

why has Mumbai’s population increased so much

A

due to an influx of migrants from other parts of india seeking employment opportunity

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21
Q

what percentage of the population live in slums

A

60%

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22
Q

how many languages does Mumbai’s population speak

A

16 major languages

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23
Q

why has Mumbai produced so many English speaking IT and engineering graduates?
what has this led to?

A

the government has invested in university education

many English companies have invested- leading to increased wealth

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24
Q

what is the total literacy rate of Mumbai

A

85.6%

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25
Q

what is the difference between the literacy rate for males and females ?
what does this highlight?

A

7.3%

highlighting the gender divide, the gap is slowly closing as women are becoming more empowered

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26
Q

what type of business boomed in the early 2000s in Mumbai

A

call centres

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27
Q

how much do the thousands of micro-industries in dharavi earn annually?
examples of industries present?

A

$650 million

garment makers, tanner and potters

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28
Q

some residents of dharavi have turned to the unregulated and unsafe business of ___

A

rag picking and scouring rubbish heaps to earn a living

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29
Q

years of government neglect in Dharavi has led to

A

inadequate hygiene standards- each toilet is shared by over 1,000 residents
poor housing quality
lack of basic infrastructure

30
Q

what will the government led Dharavi Redevelopment Project give residents who have lived in slums since 2000

A

a 300 square foot house for free

31
Q

how many doctors are there for every 100,000 people

A

54 doctors

32
Q

how many people is Mumbai’s existing healthcare system designed to treat

A

up to 7 million people

33
Q

why do many go without medical help

A

they can’t afford it, and there are long delays for the free healthcare

34
Q

why is it difficult to compare pollution statistics

A

due to different methods of recording data

35
Q

what does some of the pollution data suggest about Mumbai

A

it is among the most polluted cities in the world

36
Q

what percentage of air pollution is caused by waste burning? why is this bad for the population

A

27.5%
results in toxic chemicals being released- dangerous for residents and causes respiratory illness
high particulate levels can increase the risk of cancer

37
Q

what percentage of air pollution is caused by transport?

why do cars emit such high levels of pollution?

A

22.7%

there is insufficient control over vehicle emission levels

38
Q

what percentage of air pollution is generated through domestic cooking and heating? why is this?

A

11.3%

many families are reliant on coal fires

39
Q

what percentage of air pollution is from diesel generators?

A

14.6%

40
Q

companies based in Mumbai are causing lots of air pollution because they are taking advantage of ___

A

relaxed planning laws

41
Q

which rubbish incineration plant causes most of the industrial air pollution?
how many times over the safe air pollution is this during its nightly burning?

A

Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation

13 times greater than the safe limit

42
Q

how many vehicles are driven daily on Mumbai’s roads? why are a lot of cars in poor condition?

A

4 million

many are second hand, and there are no MOTs to check their condition

43
Q

how have car owners been encouraged to reduce air pollution?

A

buy hybrid cars

taxes have been increased for car owners

44
Q

give an example of public transport improvement

A

Mumbai’s first monorail opened in 2012
each of the 4 coaches has the capacity for 500
aims to ease congestion and traffic pollution in central Mumbai
rubber tyres also reduce noise pollution

45
Q

what was the slogan used in Mumbai’s first cyclothon in 2010?
how many attended?
what are the concerns with cycling in Mumbai?

A

‘Burn fat, not fuel’
over 7,000 participants
concerns over cyclist safety as there are a lack of road regulations

46
Q

what industrial legislation has been introduced to reduce air pollution

A

chimneys have to be over a certain height, so smoke particles are dispersed more easily by the wind
chimneys need filters to remove poisonous particulates

47
Q

where do industries with large amounts of toxic waste need to be located?

A

away from densely populated urban areas to prevent industrial accidents

48
Q

what are the benefits of the green roof scheme

A

they filter pollutants out of the air and run off water- reduces respiratory illness
reduce the heat island effect
help cool houses = less air conditioning = less electricity needed

49
Q

where was the gas leak in 2010 causing 76 to be emitted to hospital

A

sewri industrial park

50
Q

how many of india’s rivers were found to be polluted in 2010?
why was this?

A

50%

sewage flows in open drains, having serious impacts on groundwater quality and human health

51
Q

what are the impacts on human health from water pollution

A

diseases like cholera and diarrhoea are widespread

water pollution causes poor nutrition and the underdevelopment of children

52
Q

what strategies were implemented in 2010 to clear up the River Mithi

A

unemployed people hired to clean up the river
authorities set up a proper rubbish collection system
authorities began to close all unauthorised waste dumping

53
Q

what longer term strategies are being implemented on the river Mithi to reduce water pollution

A

sewers are being installed on both banks of the river, with sewage treatment plants constructed at various locations
dredge the entire length of the river to improve carrying capacity
provide public toilets at regular intervals so less human waste enters the river

54
Q

why is there a large amount of dereliction in Mumbai

A

due to inequality

little is being done to tackle the dereliction

55
Q

why do urban poor live in derelict buildings

A

as they provide shelter in bad weather

56
Q

when are monsoon rains in Mumbai

why do they have such a big impact on the city

A

between june and September

the city is built on low lying land

57
Q

impacts of the 2005 floods

A

over 400 people died
over 10,000 homes were destroyed
city suffered losses of £1.2 billion
public transport was completely shut down
water supplies, electricity and communication shut down

58
Q

why did urban growth worsen 2005 floods

A

rapid and uncontrolled development has replaced most public parks, gardens and swamps- less infiltration
impermeable surfaces increased surface run off

59
Q

what is the Greater Mumbai Disaster Management Action Plan aiming to do for the city

A

identified the risks and vulnerabilities the city would face in the future (eg flooding and earthquakes)
co-ordinate relief and rescue efforts
widened and deepened the Mithi to reduce flood risks

60
Q

when was the Greater Mumbai Disaster Management Action Plan implemented

A

after the 2005 floods

61
Q

why do many environmentalists think that despite the efforts by the Greater Mumbai Disaster Management Action Plan, Mumbai is still in danger of flooding?

A

building is happening on floodplains
mangrove forests are being removed
storm drains and waterways are being clogged by plastic rubbish

62
Q

why has the IPCC predicted that Mumbai will be the second most at risk city in the world

A

rainfall, heat, humidity increases and sea level rise will have severe impacts on the city

63
Q

what percentage of Mumbai will be underwater in the next 100 years if sea levels continue to rise at the same level?
impacts?

A

40%
destroy essential infrastructure
millions of homes submerged by coastal flooding

64
Q

why have many of the schemes that Mumbai have adopted being called unsustainable?

A

they don’t involve the whole community- so their needs aren’t met
strategies such as dredging have many negative impacts

65
Q

why is Advanced Locality Management considered sustainable

A

involves rag pickers collecting waste from people’s houses- reduces the amount of waste going to landfill
reduces the number of people scavenging on landfill sites- reducing health risks

66
Q

what is the Ecoreco scheme

A

offers payment for e-waste

67
Q

why is Ecoreco considered sustainable

A

helps electronics to be recycled- reduces the need for extraction
reduces health risks from slum dwellers breaking down the e-waste in their homes

68
Q

why is the green roof scheme considered sustainable

A

city lacks open green space

green space help incorporate vegetation and reduce air pollution

69
Q

name some religious groups found in Mumbai

A

hindus
muslims
Buddhists
Christians

70
Q

what does Mumbai’s diverse population have problems with

A

racism

71
Q

in 1989 what percentage of households were migrants

A

46%

72
Q

how do foreign investors perceive Mumbai

A

a place of opportunity

cheap, skilled workforce

Geography-- Contemporary Urban Environments (19 decks)

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