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Geography-- Contemporary Urban Environments > London > Flashcards

London Flashcards

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1
Q

what was the population of Greater London in 2015?

What is the population expected to reach by 2050?

A

8.6 million

11 million by 2050

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2
Q

what land area does the city cover?

what type of land is this?

A

1,750 km2

lowland areas as much of the city is built on the floodplains of the river thames

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3
Q

why is it hard to characterise London’s buildings by architectural style

A

its rich history means there a range of buildings

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4
Q

what evidence is there of post modernism in London

A

Water pumping station, Isle of Dogs

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5
Q

what percentage of the UKs GDP does London make up

A

17%

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6
Q

Why is London receiving lots of foreign investment

A

as it has an expanding financial centre and a growing reputation as a technological hub
it has top rankings for multimedia and software development

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7
Q

how much cargo does the port of London handle each year

A

more than 48 million tonnes- shows it is an important exchange of goods

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8
Q

how has London’s economy changed over time

A

19th and early 20th century- manufacturing industries were dominant.
early 20th century onwards- service industries have become more dominant

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9
Q

facts about the banks and financial institutions of London

A

trade more US dollars than New York

trade more Euros than all other European cities combined

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10
Q

what percentage of global transactions does the London stock exchange account for

A

32%

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11
Q

how much does tourism contribute to London’s economy each year

A

£36 billion

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12
Q

what is the average house price in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea

A

£2 million (can be 10 times that)

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13
Q

what is the average salary in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea? what is the median salary?

A

average- £123,000
median- £32,700
one of the widest earning gaps in the country

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14
Q

which industry are 64% of low paid jobs in?

who takes these jobs generally?

A

hospitality

foreign workers who don’t mind a lower wage

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15
Q

what percentage of London employees are at risk of insecure employment?
who is particularly at risk?

A

10%, many of these on zero hours contracts

mainly young workers of black or ethnic minority background

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16
Q

what percentage of workers are paid below the London Living Wage?
what does this mean for those workers?

A

20%

unlikely to fund the high living costs of London- reduced standard of living- rely on the state

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17
Q

what percentage of low paid jobs are held by women

A

55%

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18
Q

which ethnicity have the lowest paid jobs in London

A

white british at 34% of the low paid. (Pakistani and Bangladeshi employees only make up 6% of the low paid workforce)

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19
Q

how many were unemployed in 2016?

A

280,000

lowest level since the start of the recession

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20
Q

what percentage of London’s households live in the private rented sector

A

27%

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21
Q

what percentage of earnings were spent on rents in London 2015/2016?
what was this in the rest of England?

A

72%

29% for the rest of England

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22
Q

why is it difficult for first time buyers to buy in London

A

lack of affordable housing

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23
Q

how many slept rough in 2016/2017?

A

8,100
shouldn’t be happening in a HIC city.
(Homeless are 14 times more likely to be a victim of violent crime)

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24
Q

how many Royal Parks are there?

Example?

A

8

hyde park

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25
Q

benefits of parks in London

A

reduced stress levels
meeting place
reduce air pollution
outside space for those without a garden

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26
Q

London pupils outperform the rest of England across ____ as do pupils with _____
why does London outperform?

A

ethnic groups
special educational needs
the school has provisions to help all students

27
Q

what percentage of disadvantaged students from inner London go on to attend higher education institutions?

A

59%

28
Q

how many 11 year olds were obese in London in 2015/2016?

the rest of England?

A

23%
20%
Poor families can only afford cheap food

29
Q

why is the income of many poor London families under threat in the future?

A

welfare reforms mean their benefits could be significantly reduced

30
Q

more than ___ are spoken in London

A

300

31
Q

why has London got a long history of immigration?

A

it has a port

32
Q

in 2015, what percentage of London’s population were of black or ethnic minority?
what is this meant to reach by 2038?

A

44%

50%

33
Q

how do tourists perceive London

A

positively- see all the iconic sites (eg Big Ben)

34
Q

how do viewers of Made In Chelsea perceive London

A

as a city of high disposable income, where the young have leisurely lives

35
Q

how do immigrants moving to London perceive it

A

as a place of opportunity

36
Q

how do those living below the poverty line perceive it

A

expensive, bias towards the wealthy, authorities not doing enough to help

37
Q

how do TNCs perceive London

A

a good base for their company- highly respected with a highly skilled workforce

38
Q

when was the Clean Air Act introduced to London

A

1956, to prevent the smog the city had previously experienced

39
Q

how have levels of carbon dioxide been reduced in transport

A

routemaster buses- hybrids
taxi age limits
1,400 charge points installed for e cars
low emission zones

40
Q

which gas still breaches EU limits

A

nitrogen oxide

linked to early deaths- 8.3% in Chelsea and Westminster

41
Q

what percentage of CO2 is from transport?
Diesel cars?
Gas for central heating?

A

64%
11% (carcinogenic and building erosion)
16% (cleaner than Mumbai’s coal)

42
Q

what is the latest charge being introduced for London motorists

A

T-charge

£10 a day in Central London on old cars

43
Q

how many motorists could be liable to pay the T charge each month

A

34,000

44
Q

what is hoped the t charge will reduce

A

nitrogen oxide levels

in reality it will only be by 2%

45
Q

why is the t-charge worsening economic inequality

A

the poorer workers can’t afford a new car

will now have to drive to the outskirts of the city and commute in

46
Q

how much warmer is the centre of London compared to the surrounding rural areas?
what impacts does this have?

A

10 degrees celcius
increases energy consumption and water consumption
dangerous for vulnerable people

47
Q

cross rail will increase London’s rail capacity by __%

A

10%

48
Q

how is it hoped that cross rail will reduce fossil fuel usage?

A

people will use it over cars- less air pollution

49
Q

boris bikes are hoped to increase cycling in London by ___% by 2025.
why is this scheme good?
Problems?

A

400%
bikes are relatively cheap to install
anyone can use them- tourists and residents alike
worries about cyclist safety

50
Q

example of a redevelopment project?

how is it trying to reduce pollution?

A

Battersea power station, £9 billion

green roofs to reduce water and air pollution

51
Q

what does London’s sewerage system collect apart from sewage

A

rainwater run-off from roads, roofs and pavements

52
Q

what happens to London’s sewerage system during periods of heavy rainfall

A

it discharges raw sewage directly into the Thames- killing large quantities of fish and threatens public health
55 million tonnes of raw sewage washed into the river in 2015

53
Q

why do surface sewers pollute rivers

A

they pick up contaminants when draining the urban landscape

54
Q

what does Thames water state half of all sewer blockages are caused by

A

fat and cooking oil

these fat bergs result in flooding

55
Q

what impact has the Water Resources Act of 1991 had

A

improved water quality in estuaries and coastal waters
set up water protection zones
convicted individuals and companies of water pollution offences

56
Q

how big will the completed Thames Tideway Tunnel be

A

25km long and up to 65m deep

57
Q

aims of the Thames Tideway Tunnel

A

create more than 4,000 sustainable jobs
support the development of river transport skills through the Thames Skills Academy
Undertake research on the aquatic ecology of the Thames
reduce lorry movements- less air pollution

58
Q

which primary school has just installed SUDS worth £18,000?

why did they install a green roof?

A

Hollickwood Primary School

to increase the volume of rainwater being intercepted- reducing air pollution

59
Q

what are the results of the swales installed at Hollickwood primary school?
which company is monitoring them?

A

improved the water quality
filtered out pollutants from the air and water
thames water

60
Q

how much of London is on a floodplain?

name some of the infrastructure at risk

A

15%

10 hospitals, 75 underground stations

61
Q

by how much are water levels in the Thames Estuary likely to rise in the next century due to thermal expansion and ice melt?

A

20-90cm

62
Q

how much of money earmarked for new flood defences in England will be spent in London?

A

£1.8 billion

50% of England’s budget

63
Q

why are many of London’s strategies considered sustainable?

A

they involve the local community
they are constantly monitored and tweaked
focus on education

64
Q

there are proposals to make London the first…

A

National Park City

Geography-- Contemporary Urban Environments (19 decks)

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