London Flashcards
what was the population of Greater London in 2015?
What is the population expected to reach by 2050?
8.6 million
11 million by 2050
what land area does the city cover?
what type of land is this?
1,750 km2
lowland areas as much of the city is built on the floodplains of the river thames
why is it hard to characterise London’s buildings by architectural style
its rich history means there a range of buildings
what evidence is there of post modernism in London
Water pumping station, Isle of Dogs
what percentage of the UKs GDP does London make up
17%
Why is London receiving lots of foreign investment
as it has an expanding financial centre and a growing reputation as a technological hub
it has top rankings for multimedia and software development
how much cargo does the port of London handle each year
more than 48 million tonnes- shows it is an important exchange of goods
how has London’s economy changed over time
19th and early 20th century- manufacturing industries were dominant.
early 20th century onwards- service industries have become more dominant
facts about the banks and financial institutions of London
trade more US dollars than New York
trade more Euros than all other European cities combined
what percentage of global transactions does the London stock exchange account for
32%
how much does tourism contribute to London’s economy each year
£36 billion
what is the average house price in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
£2 million (can be 10 times that)
what is the average salary in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea? what is the median salary?
average- £123,000
median- £32,700
one of the widest earning gaps in the country
which industry are 64% of low paid jobs in?
who takes these jobs generally?
hospitality
foreign workers who don’t mind a lower wage
what percentage of London employees are at risk of insecure employment?
who is particularly at risk?
10%, many of these on zero hours contracts
mainly young workers of black or ethnic minority background
what percentage of workers are paid below the London Living Wage?
what does this mean for those workers?
20%
unlikely to fund the high living costs of London- reduced standard of living- rely on the state
what percentage of low paid jobs are held by women
55%
which ethnicity have the lowest paid jobs in London
white british at 34% of the low paid. (Pakistani and Bangladeshi employees only make up 6% of the low paid workforce)
how many were unemployed in 2016?
280,000
lowest level since the start of the recession
what percentage of London’s households live in the private rented sector
27%
what percentage of earnings were spent on rents in London 2015/2016?
what was this in the rest of England?
72%
29% for the rest of England
why is it difficult for first time buyers to buy in London
lack of affordable housing
how many slept rough in 2016/2017?
8,100
shouldn’t be happening in a HIC city.
(Homeless are 14 times more likely to be a victim of violent crime)
how many Royal Parks are there?
Example?
8
hyde park
benefits of parks in London
reduced stress levels
meeting place
reduce air pollution
outside space for those without a garden
London pupils outperform the rest of England across ____ as do pupils with _____
why does London outperform?
ethnic groups
special educational needs
the school has provisions to help all students
what percentage of disadvantaged students from inner London go on to attend higher education institutions?
59%
how many 11 year olds were obese in London in 2015/2016?
the rest of England?
23%
20%
Poor families can only afford cheap food
why is the income of many poor London families under threat in the future?
welfare reforms mean their benefits could be significantly reduced
more than ___ are spoken in London
300
why has London got a long history of immigration?
it has a port
in 2015, what percentage of London’s population were of black or ethnic minority?
what is this meant to reach by 2038?
44%
50%
how do tourists perceive London
positively- see all the iconic sites (eg Big Ben)
how do viewers of Made In Chelsea perceive London
as a city of high disposable income, where the young have leisurely lives
how do immigrants moving to London perceive it
as a place of opportunity
how do those living below the poverty line perceive it
expensive, bias towards the wealthy, authorities not doing enough to help
how do TNCs perceive London
a good base for their company- highly respected with a highly skilled workforce
when was the Clean Air Act introduced to London
1956, to prevent the smog the city had previously experienced
how have levels of carbon dioxide been reduced in transport
routemaster buses- hybrids
taxi age limits
1,400 charge points installed for e cars
low emission zones
which gas still breaches EU limits
nitrogen oxide
linked to early deaths- 8.3% in Chelsea and Westminster
what percentage of CO2 is from transport?
Diesel cars?
Gas for central heating?
64%
11% (carcinogenic and building erosion)
16% (cleaner than Mumbai’s coal)
what is the latest charge being introduced for London motorists
T-charge
£10 a day in Central London on old cars
how many motorists could be liable to pay the T charge each month
34,000
what is hoped the t charge will reduce
nitrogen oxide levels
in reality it will only be by 2%
why is the t-charge worsening economic inequality
the poorer workers can’t afford a new car
will now have to drive to the outskirts of the city and commute in
how much warmer is the centre of London compared to the surrounding rural areas?
what impacts does this have?
10 degrees celcius
increases energy consumption and water consumption
dangerous for vulnerable people
cross rail will increase London’s rail capacity by __%
10%
how is it hoped that cross rail will reduce fossil fuel usage?
people will use it over cars- less air pollution
boris bikes are hoped to increase cycling in London by ___% by 2025.
why is this scheme good?
Problems?
400%
bikes are relatively cheap to install
anyone can use them- tourists and residents alike
worries about cyclist safety
example of a redevelopment project?
how is it trying to reduce pollution?
Battersea power station, £9 billion
green roofs to reduce water and air pollution
what does London’s sewerage system collect apart from sewage
rainwater run-off from roads, roofs and pavements
what happens to London’s sewerage system during periods of heavy rainfall
it discharges raw sewage directly into the Thames- killing large quantities of fish and threatens public health
55 million tonnes of raw sewage washed into the river in 2015
why do surface sewers pollute rivers
they pick up contaminants when draining the urban landscape
what does Thames water state half of all sewer blockages are caused by
fat and cooking oil
these fat bergs result in flooding
what impact has the Water Resources Act of 1991 had
improved water quality in estuaries and coastal waters
set up water protection zones
convicted individuals and companies of water pollution offences
how big will the completed Thames Tideway Tunnel be
25km long and up to 65m deep
aims of the Thames Tideway Tunnel
create more than 4,000 sustainable jobs
support the development of river transport skills through the Thames Skills Academy
Undertake research on the aquatic ecology of the Thames
reduce lorry movements- less air pollution
which primary school has just installed SUDS worth £18,000?
why did they install a green roof?
Hollickwood Primary School
to increase the volume of rainwater being intercepted- reducing air pollution
what are the results of the swales installed at Hollickwood primary school?
which company is monitoring them?
improved the water quality
filtered out pollutants from the air and water
thames water
how much of London is on a floodplain?
name some of the infrastructure at risk
15%
10 hospitals, 75 underground stations
by how much are water levels in the Thames Estuary likely to rise in the next century due to thermal expansion and ice melt?
20-90cm
how much of money earmarked for new flood defences in England will be spent in London?
£1.8 billion
50% of England’s budget
why are many of London’s strategies considered sustainable?
they involve the local community
they are constantly monitored and tweaked
focus on education
there are proposals to make London the first…
National Park City
