multilingual phonetics & phonology

Question 1

defining multi-lingualsim (guiding principle)>

Answer 1

“bilinguals are those who use two or more lnaguages (or dialects) in their daily lives”

Question 2

simultaneous bilingual=

Answer 2

acquired 2 langs from birth

Question 3

sequential bilingual=

Answer 3

acquired 2 lang after age 3-5 (ish)

Question 4

heritage bilingual=

Answer 4

contexts of immigration–>lang dominance shifts across lifespan

Question 5

L2 user=

Answer 5

adult lang learning, encompasses wide competency/proficiency spectrum

Question 6

what is language interaction=

Answer 6

where 2 langs for a bilingual are stored in a common space & can be activated simultaenously

Question 7

how to measure language interaction=

Answer 7

eye tracking

Question 8

language interaction: word recgonition task results>

Answer 8

word recognition tasks show bilingual competition effects even in unilingual settings
>e.g. (dutch listeners show influence from enf phonemic structure when looking at dutch words)

Question 9

phones/segments vs phonemes &brackets>

Answer 9

-phones= a sound []
-phonemes= a sound used CONTRASTIVELY as part of the phonology //

Question 10

assimilation=

Answer 10

L2 forms become MORE like L1

Question 11

dissimiliation=

Answer 11

L2 forms become LESS like L1

Question 12

bidirectional influence=

Answer 12

L2 influences L1 in a bidirectional way

Question 13

short-term (language) interaction for bilinguals>

Answer 13

short terms effects can occur
>e.g. VOT shorter for brazilian-eng bilingual when spending time in brazil compared to once back in US when gradually returns to longer

Question 14

cross-linguistic influence in aritculatory strategies?>

Answer 14

> gahnian eng; eng; & twi
found ghanian eng was MID-point between the two for articulatory strategies
cross ling influence present in articulation

Question 15

Interspeech postures=

Answer 15

what shape the tongue is when preparing to speak

Question 16

bilingual speakers & articulatory settings=

Answer 16

bilingual speakers may adopt an overall different shape in their articulaors in their different langs (‘aritculatory settings’)

Question 17

minority lang multilingualism-speech according to ‘aims’>

Answer 17

• speakers can modify speech production based on their aims as speakers
  >aim to identify as ‘native’
  >aim to identify as competent L2 user
  >aim to speak a particular dialect

Question 18

Understudied areas in bilingualism>

Answer 18

-HIGHLY multilingual societies (L3, L4)
-contexts outside of french-eng, catalan-spanish, chinese-eng
-minority & indigenous lang multilingualism

Question 19

perception knowledge: findings in span-eng speakers (VOT)>

Answer 19

-in ambiguous tokens (p/b)–.bilingual speakers were more likely to perceive spanish-like end of continuum if expecting spanish; similarly with eng
-no effect in monolinguals
>suggests listeners DO perceive in a lang-specific way

Question 20

phones vs phonemes: spanish-catalan speakers>

Answer 20

-in span: /e/ vowel; in catalan /e/ & /ɛ/
-found tendency from span dominant speakers to merge the catalan vowels
-found span-dom bilinguals produced 2 distinct vowels in ACOUSTIC terms but not linked correctly to catalan words
-suggested they learnt PHONES not PHONEMES

Question 21

bilinguals VOT & lexicon (cognates study)>

Answer 21

span-eng studied in terms of cognates vsa non-cognates
results= VOT longer in cognate words
suggests something is happening in lexicon

Question 22

dissimilation in italians in canada>

Answer 22

-measured /eɪ/ diphthong in eng (as similar to italian /e/)
>later end speakers used more [e]-like vowels
>early eng speakers with low italian use overshot & prodcued more diphthongal vowels than eng L1

Question 23

assimilation & french & american eng>

Answer 23

-study had monolings who spoke american eng; monolings who spoke french & bilingual canadian french & eng

-results–> bilinguals as not quite like either extreme & showed some kind of convergence & towards a mid-point