multilingual phonetics & phonology Flashcards
defining multi-lingualsim (guiding principle)>
“bilinguals are those who use two or more lnaguages (or dialects) in their daily lives”
simultaneous bilingual=
acquired 2 langs from birth
sequential bilingual=
acquired 2 lang after age 3-5 (ish)
heritage bilingual=
contexts of immigration–>lang dominance shifts across lifespan
L2 user=
adult lang learning, encompasses wide competency/proficiency spectrum
what is language interaction=
where 2 langs for a bilingual are stored in a common space & can be activated simultaenously
how to measure language interaction=
eye tracking
language interaction: word recgonition task results>
word recognition tasks show bilingual competition effects even in unilingual settings
>e.g. (dutch listeners show influence from enf phonemic structure when looking at dutch words)
phones/segments vs phonemes &brackets>
-phones= a sound []
-phonemes= a sound used CONTRASTIVELY as part of the phonology //
assimilation=
L2 forms become MORE like L1
dissimiliation=
L2 forms become LESS like L1
bidirectional influence=
L2 influences L1 in a bidirectional way
short-term (language) interaction for bilinguals>
short terms effects can occur
>e.g. VOT shorter for brazilian-eng bilingual when spending time in brazil compared to once back in US when gradually returns to longer
cross-linguistic influence in aritculatory strategies?>
> gahnian eng; eng; & twi
found ghanian eng was MID-point between the two for articulatory strategies
cross ling influence present in articulation
Interspeech postures=
what shape the tongue is when preparing to speak
bilingual speakers & articulatory settings=
bilingual speakers may adopt an overall different shape in their articulaors in their different langs (‘aritculatory settings’)
minority lang multilingualism-speech according to ‘aims’>
- speakers can modify speech production based on their aims as speakers
>aim to identify as ‘native’
>aim to identify as competent L2 user
>aim to speak a particular dialect
Understudied areas in bilingualism>
-HIGHLY multilingual societies (L3, L4)
-contexts outside of french-eng, catalan-spanish, chinese-eng
-minority & indigenous lang multilingualism
perception knowledge: findings in span-eng speakers (VOT)>
-in ambiguous tokens (p/b)–.bilingual speakers were more likely to perceive spanish-like end of continuum if expecting spanish; similarly with eng
-no effect in monolinguals
>suggests listeners DO perceive in a lang-specific way
phones vs phonemes: spanish-catalan speakers>
-in span: /e/ vowel; in catalan /e/ & /ɛ/
-found tendency from span dominant speakers to merge the catalan vowels
-found span-dom bilinguals produced 2 distinct vowels in ACOUSTIC terms but not linked correctly to catalan words
-suggested they learnt PHONES not PHONEMES
bilinguals VOT & lexicon (cognates study)>
span-eng studied in terms of cognates vsa non-cognates
results= VOT longer in cognate words
suggests something is happening in lexicon
dissimilation in italians in canada>
-measured /eɪ/ diphthong in eng (as similar to italian /e/)
>later end speakers used more [e]-like vowels
>early eng speakers with low italian use overshot & prodcued more diphthongal vowels than eng L1
assimilation & french & american eng>
-study had monolings who spoke american eng; monolings who spoke french & bilingual canadian french & eng
-results–> bilinguals as not quite like either extreme & showed some kind of convergence & towards a mid-point
