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LING221- Sounds OWL > Consonant acoustics, phonation, aspiration > Flashcards

Consonant acoustics, phonation, aspiration Flashcards

1
Q

stop/plosive production>(3)

A

1>closure is formed somewhere in VT
2>air pressure builds behind closure
3>closure is released (air flows out mouth & air pressure equalised)
(same for pulmonic egressive ‘p,t…’ & ejectives

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2
Q

where can variation occur in stops/plosives?(3)

A

-during ‘closure’ phase (voiced vs voiceless)
- timing of glottal gestures around release (aspiration & VOT; pre-aspiration)
-phonation type during release (i.e. breathy voiced stops)

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3
Q

(other) phonation types (7)> (C,2001)

A

-voiced
-voiceless
-open glottis
-whisper
-voice
-creak
-closed glottis

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4
Q

specifics of C,2001 phonation types: ‘open’>

A

breathing out

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5
Q

specifics of C,2001 phonation types: ‘whisper’> (3)

A

-vf slightly apart
-turbulence as air flows
-no vibration

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6
Q

specifics of C,2001 phonation types: ‘voice’>

A

vf vibrate
-types of vibration: modal & breathy voice

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7
Q

specifics of C,2001 phonation types: ‘creak’>

A

-vf vibration, but SLOWLY
-achieved via vf pressed together (via AC)
-common phrase finally

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8
Q

where is C,2001 phonation types: ‘closed glottis’ found?>

A

produced in lots of eng dialects for word medial/final /t/

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9
Q

laver 1994 voiced phonation types> (4)

A

-voice–>modal & breathy
-creak

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10
Q

laver 1994 voiced phonation types- ‘modal v’>

A

‘normal’ vf vibration

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11
Q

laver 1994 voiced phonation types-‘breathy’>

A

vf vibrate but are FAR APART
some turbulent airflow (aka ‘murmur’)

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12
Q

L&M, 1996 model of phonation types>

A

-voice–>breathy, slack, modal
-creak–>creaky & stiff
(addition of ‘slack’ & ‘stiff’)

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13
Q

L&M, 1996 model of phonation types: ‘slack’>

A

somewhere between breathy & modal

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14
Q

L&M, 1996 model of phonation types: ‘stiff’>

A

as even ‘creakier’ than creaky

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15
Q

aspiration=

A

open glottis before voicing starts & invovles voiceless expiration after stop

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16
Q

pre-aspiration=

A

glottis opens before stop closure

17
Q

phonation variation

A

different languages distingusih between differeent phonation types
>e.g. sindhi & modal & breath voicing in nasals

18
Q

ipa symbol for breathy voiced

A

-[a̤]
(2 dots under phoneme)

19
Q

what is ‘superscript voiced glottal fricative’>

A

symbol:[ɦ]
means effectively the same as breathy voiced;
○ Thus [ɦ]=[a̤]

20
Q

creaky voice IPA symbol

A

[ ̰ ] (BENEATH, not above [as this is nasal])

21
Q

breathy voice vs centralised diacritic>

A

-breathy as two dots BENEATH ([a̤])
- centralised as two dots ABOVE ([ä])

22
Q

what does a modal voicing waveform look like>

A

periodic waveform

23
Q

what does a breathy voicing waveform/spectrogram look like>

A

-fuzzy appearance of spectrogram
-jagged waveform (due to adding turbulent airflow on top of periodic airflow)

24
Q

what does a creaky voicing waveform/spectrogram look like>

A

-lower freq of wave (due to slow vibration of vf pressed together by AC)
- widely spaced glottal pulses
-irregular spacing
-sometimes individual striation (vibrations of vf) on spectrogram)

25
Q

spectrum vs spectrogram>

A

spectrum as graph of amplitude at PARTICULAR point in time; spectrogram as across time

26
Q

benefits of spectrum>

A

can see component frequencies in compelx way

27
Q

2 ways to derive spectra>

A

FFT; LPC

28
Q

Deriving spectra: what is FFT better for ?

A
  • better for individual frequencies (harmoncis)
29
Q

Deriving spectra: what is LPC better for ?

A

better for overview of formants

30
Q

laterals & spectrograms>

A

-clear formatn structure (voiced) –>[dark bands]
- overall lower amplitude of formants comapred to vowels [as lighter=lower amp]

31
Q

what does a more complicated shape in S-F model mean>

A

more complicated acoustics–>some of these then cancel each other out–>lower amplitude in some formants

32
Q

difficulty with fricatives & S-F description>

A
  • different fricatives can vary quite a bit in their source & fitlration process
33
Q

fricatives [ʃ] vs[ʒ] on waevforms/spectrograms>

A

-former as:
>aperiodic waves
>frication showing turbulent airflow
-latter as:
>some sort of pattern with aperiodicity mixed in
>turbulence at higher freqencies
>evidence of voicing
>formant structure (F2 & F1)

34
Q

fricatives & link to S-F> [x]

A

-source as turbulent airflow at velum
-turbulence caused by narrow constriction
-jet of air hits a wall in VT
-filter as shape of VT

35
Q

fricative & SF (more complex e.g.) [s]

A

-jet of air hits TEETH
-source as turbulent airflow through constriction AND hitting the obstacle (teeth)
-filter as shape of VT ahead of the constriction

36
Q

fricative & SF- vocied fricatives [ʒ]

A

-turbulent airflow as source of sound; vf virbation also as source (TWO sources)
-VT (especially front cavity) is the filter

LING221- Sounds OWL (9 decks)

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