Consonant acoustics, phonation, aspiration

Question 1

stop/plosive production>(3)

Answer 1

1>closure is formed somewhere in VT
2>air pressure builds behind closure
3>closure is released (air flows out mouth & air pressure equalised)
(same for pulmonic egressive ‘p,t…’ & ejectives

Question 2

where can variation occur in stops/plosives?(3)

Answer 2

-during ‘closure’ phase (voiced vs voiceless)
- timing of glottal gestures around release (aspiration & VOT; pre-aspiration)
-phonation type during release (i.e. breathy voiced stops)

Question 3

(other) phonation types (7)> (C,2001)

Answer 3

-voiced
-voiceless
-open glottis
-whisper
-voice
-creak
-closed glottis

Question 4

specifics of C,2001 phonation types: ‘open’>

Answer 4

breathing out

Question 5

specifics of C,2001 phonation types: ‘whisper’> (3)

Answer 5

-vf slightly apart
-turbulence as air flows
-no vibration

Question 6

specifics of C,2001 phonation types: ‘voice’>

Answer 6

vf vibrate
-types of vibration: modal & breathy voice

Question 7

specifics of C,2001 phonation types: ‘creak’>

Answer 7

-vf vibration, but SLOWLY
-achieved via vf pressed together (via AC)
-common phrase finally

Question 8

where is C,2001 phonation types: ‘closed glottis’ found?>

Answer 8

produced in lots of eng dialects for word medial/final /t/

Question 9

laver 1994 voiced phonation types> (4)

Answer 9

-voice–>modal & breathy
-creak

Question 10

laver 1994 voiced phonation types- ‘modal v’>

Answer 10

‘normal’ vf vibration

Question 11

laver 1994 voiced phonation types-‘breathy’>

Answer 11

vf vibrate but are FAR APART
some turbulent airflow (aka ‘murmur’)

Question 12

L&M, 1996 model of phonation types>

Answer 12

-voice–>breathy, slack, modal
-creak–>creaky & stiff
(addition of ‘slack’ & ‘stiff’)

Question 13

L&M, 1996 model of phonation types: ‘slack’>

Answer 13

somewhere between breathy & modal

Question 14

L&M, 1996 model of phonation types: ‘stiff’>

Answer 14

as even ‘creakier’ than creaky

Question 15

aspiration=

Answer 15

open glottis before voicing starts & invovles voiceless expiration after stop

Question 16

pre-aspiration=

Answer 16

glottis opens before stop closure

Question 17

phonation variation

Answer 17

different languages distingusih between differeent phonation types
>e.g. sindhi & modal & breath voicing in nasals

Question 18

ipa symbol for breathy voiced

Answer 18

-[a̤]
(2 dots under phoneme)

Question 19

what is ‘superscript voiced glottal fricative’>

Answer 19

symbol:[ɦ]
means effectively the same as breathy voiced;
○ Thus [ɦ]=[a̤]

Question 20

creaky voice IPA symbol

Answer 20

[ ̰ ] (BENEATH, not above [as this is nasal])

Question 21

breathy voice vs centralised diacritic>

Answer 21

-breathy as two dots BENEATH ([a̤])
- centralised as two dots ABOVE ([ä])

Question 22

what does a modal voicing waveform look like>

Answer 22

periodic waveform

Question 23

what does a breathy voicing waveform/spectrogram look like>

Answer 23

-fuzzy appearance of spectrogram
-jagged waveform (due to adding turbulent airflow on top of periodic airflow)

Question 24

what does a creaky voicing waveform/spectrogram look like>

Answer 24

-lower freq of wave (due to slow vibration of vf pressed together by AC)
- widely spaced glottal pulses
-irregular spacing
-sometimes individual striation (vibrations of vf) on spectrogram)

Question 25

spectrum vs spectrogram>

Answer 25

spectrum as graph of amplitude at PARTICULAR point in time; spectrogram as across time

Question 26

benefits of spectrum>

Answer 26

can see component frequencies in compelx way

Question 27

2 ways to derive spectra>

Answer 27

FFT; LPC

Question 28

Deriving spectra: what is FFT better for ?

Answer 28

• better for individual frequencies (harmoncis)

Question 29

Deriving spectra: what is LPC better for ?

Answer 29

better for overview of formants

Question 30

laterals & spectrograms>

Answer 30

-clear formatn structure (voiced) –>[dark bands]
- overall lower amplitude of formants comapred to vowels [as lighter=lower amp]

Question 31

what does a more complicated shape in S-F model mean>

Answer 31

more complicated acoustics–>some of these then cancel each other out–>lower amplitude in some formants

Question 32

difficulty with fricatives & S-F description>

Answer 32

• different fricatives can vary quite a bit in their source & fitlration process

Question 33

fricatives [ʃ] vs[ʒ] on waevforms/spectrograms>

Answer 33

-former as:
>aperiodic waves
>frication showing turbulent airflow
-latter as:
>some sort of pattern with aperiodicity mixed in
>turbulence at higher freqencies
>evidence of voicing
>formant structure (F2 & F1)

Question 34

fricatives & link to S-F> [x]

Answer 34

-source as turbulent airflow at velum
-turbulence caused by narrow constriction
-jet of air hits a wall in VT
-filter as shape of VT

Question 35

fricative & SF (more complex e.g.) [s]

Answer 35

-jet of air hits TEETH
-source as turbulent airflow through constriction AND hitting the obstacle (teeth)
-filter as shape of VT ahead of the constriction

Question 36

fricative & SF- vocied fricatives [ʒ]

Answer 36

-turbulent airflow as source of sound; vf virbation also as source (TWO sources)
-VT (especially front cavity) is the filter