Consonant acoustics, phonation, aspiration Flashcards
stop/plosive production>(3)
1>closure is formed somewhere in VT
2>air pressure builds behind closure
3>closure is released (air flows out mouth & air pressure equalised)
(same for pulmonic egressive ‘p,t…’ & ejectives
where can variation occur in stops/plosives?(3)
-during ‘closure’ phase (voiced vs voiceless)
- timing of glottal gestures around release (aspiration & VOT; pre-aspiration)
-phonation type during release (i.e. breathy voiced stops)
(other) phonation types (7)> (C,2001)
-voiced
-voiceless
-open glottis
-whisper
-voice
-creak
-closed glottis
specifics of C,2001 phonation types: ‘open’>
breathing out
specifics of C,2001 phonation types: ‘whisper’> (3)
-vf slightly apart
-turbulence as air flows
-no vibration
specifics of C,2001 phonation types: ‘voice’>
vf vibrate
-types of vibration: modal & breathy voice
specifics of C,2001 phonation types: ‘creak’>
-vf vibration, but SLOWLY
-achieved via vf pressed together (via AC)
-common phrase finally
where is C,2001 phonation types: ‘closed glottis’ found?>
produced in lots of eng dialects for word medial/final /t/
laver 1994 voiced phonation types> (4)
-voice–>modal & breathy
-creak
laver 1994 voiced phonation types- ‘modal v’>
‘normal’ vf vibration
laver 1994 voiced phonation types-‘breathy’>
vf vibrate but are FAR APART
some turbulent airflow (aka ‘murmur’)
L&M, 1996 model of phonation types>
-voice–>breathy, slack, modal
-creak–>creaky & stiff
(addition of ‘slack’ & ‘stiff’)
L&M, 1996 model of phonation types: ‘slack’>
somewhere between breathy & modal
L&M, 1996 model of phonation types: ‘stiff’>
as even ‘creakier’ than creaky
aspiration=
open glottis before voicing starts & invovles voiceless expiration after stop
pre-aspiration=
glottis opens before stop closure
phonation variation
different languages distingusih between differeent phonation types
>e.g. sindhi & modal & breath voicing in nasals
ipa symbol for breathy voiced
-[a̤]
(2 dots under phoneme)
what is ‘superscript voiced glottal fricative’>
symbol:[ɦ]
means effectively the same as breathy voiced;
○ Thus [ɦ]=[a̤]
creaky voice IPA symbol
[ ̰ ] (BENEATH, not above [as this is nasal])
breathy voice vs centralised diacritic>
-breathy as two dots BENEATH ([a̤])
- centralised as two dots ABOVE ([ä])
what does a modal voicing waveform look like>
periodic waveform
what does a breathy voicing waveform/spectrogram look like>
-fuzzy appearance of spectrogram
-jagged waveform (due to adding turbulent airflow on top of periodic airflow)
what does a creaky voicing waveform/spectrogram look like>
-lower freq of wave (due to slow vibration of vf pressed together by AC)
- widely spaced glottal pulses
-irregular spacing
-sometimes individual striation (vibrations of vf) on spectrogram)
spectrum vs spectrogram>
spectrum as graph of amplitude at PARTICULAR point in time; spectrogram as across time
benefits of spectrum>
can see component frequencies in compelx way
2 ways to derive spectra>
FFT; LPC
Deriving spectra: what is FFT better for ?
- better for individual frequencies (harmoncis)
Deriving spectra: what is LPC better for ?
better for overview of formants
laterals & spectrograms>
-clear formatn structure (voiced) –>[dark bands]
- overall lower amplitude of formants comapred to vowels [as lighter=lower amp]
what does a more complicated shape in S-F model mean>
more complicated acoustics–>some of these then cancel each other out–>lower amplitude in some formants
difficulty with fricatives & S-F description>
- different fricatives can vary quite a bit in their source & fitlration process
fricatives [ʃ] vs[ʒ] on waevforms/spectrograms>
-former as:
>aperiodic waves
>frication showing turbulent airflow
-latter as:
>some sort of pattern with aperiodicity mixed in
>turbulence at higher freqencies
>evidence of voicing
>formant structure (F2 & F1)
fricatives & link to S-F> [x]
-source as turbulent airflow at velum
-turbulence caused by narrow constriction
-jet of air hits a wall in VT
-filter as shape of VT
fricative & SF (more complex e.g.) [s]
-jet of air hits TEETH
-source as turbulent airflow through constriction AND hitting the obstacle (teeth)
-filter as shape of VT ahead of the constriction
fricative & SF- vocied fricatives [ʒ]
-turbulent airflow as source of sound; vf virbation also as source (TWO sources)
-VT (especially front cavity) is the filter
