Consonants Flashcards
consonants=
total or partial obstruction in the VT
methods of describing consonants>
- voicing
-airstream mechanism
-place of articulation - manner of articulation
place of articulation=
where the airflow is obstructed
types of place of articulation>(11)
bilabial, labiodental, dental. alveolar, post-alveolar, retroflex, palatal, velar, uvular, pharyngeal, glottal
manner of articulation=
how the airflow is obstructed
types of manner of articulation (8)
plosive, nasal, trill, tap/flap, fricative, lateral fricative, approximant, lateral apporximant
plosives (in eng)=
p, t, k, b, d, g, ʔ
nasals (in eng)=
m, n, ŋ
trills (in eng)>
[r]
tap/flaps (in eng)>
[ɾ]
fricatives (in eng)>(10)
[f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ x h]
approximants (in eng)>
[ɹ j]
lateral apporximants (in eng)>
[l]
where do we find [x] in english?
words like ‘loch’ [lɒx]
tap vs trill?>
trill as lots of contacts of articulators (continuing vibrations), tap as one quick contact of articulators
sonorants=
produced with non-turbulent airflow
>includes vowels, app, laterals, rhotics, nasals, taps, trills
obstruents=
produced with turbulent airflow
>includes: fricatives, stops
liquids=
laterals & rhotics (‘l’ & ‘r’ sounds)
>grouped due to similar behaviour
continuants=
a sound that can keep going
>e.g [a:], [s], [n]
approximant=
continuant without turbulent airflow
glides/semi-vowels=
non-lateral app (not ‘l’ sounds, but continuants without airflow)
airstream mechanism=
different ways air comes in and out, used in speech sounds
egressive airstream vs ingressive
egressive=air going out
ingressive=air going in
examples of ingressive airstream
‘gasping’
-phrase-final agreement in scotland, ireland and scandanavia
airstream mechnaisms>(5)
-egressive pulmonic
-ingressive pulmonic
-ingressive velaric (clicks)
-egressive glottalic (ejectives)
-ingressive glottalic (implosives)
what kind of sound is related to ingressive velaric airstream>
clicks
what kind of sound is related to egressive glottalic airstream>
ejectives
what kind of sound is related to ingressive glottalic airstream>
implosives
production of clicks (& velaric ing airstream)
1> tongue closure at velum & somewhere else
2> air is sucked into velum which makes clicking sound
clicks: frequency & where found?
- rare in world’s langs
-found only in south & eastern africa (Xhosa)
Clicks in the IPA
[ʘ], [ǀ], [ǃ], [ǂ], [ǁ]
clicks in english>
-used paralinguistically
>e.g.
-blowing kiss (bilabial); tutting (dental),
calling animal (lateral)
Ejectives (& egressive glottalic airstream) production>
1>glottal closure
2>this combines with another stop
3>air is pushed out (egressive)
Ejectives frequency & where found>
- common in north american langs (not eng)
- found in south/east african langs
-used phrase-finally in eng stops (especially ‘k’, for emphasis? end of phrase?)
ejectives in IPA: symbol>
[’] (apostrophe)
production of implosives (&ingressive glottalic) >
1>air comes in (ingressive)
2> this stops at glottis (glottalic)
3>lowered larynx sucks air in
implosives frequency & where found?
-common in west african & south asian langs
-found in eng phrase-initial ‘b’
which airstream mechanism is the most common way of speaking?>
- pulmonic egressive
palatal-uvular stops> (e.g.)
-Czech
>Body /cɛlo/
>gun /ɟɛlo/
-Arabic:
>dog /kalb/
>heart /qalb/
retroflexion>
- the tongue is moved back & curls back on itself
palatals: how to produce> [ç ʝ] >
- long ‘eeee’ sound but raised tongue until make a fricative sound [ç ʝ]
palatals: how to produce [ɲ]>
sound in ‘anja’ but merged /n/ & /j/ into one
[t] as dental, alveolar, & retroflex>
-dental [t] when produced on back of top teeth
- if alveolar [t], tongue tip is moved back
- if retroflex [t], tongue tip is further back and curled back on itself
multiple articulaton>
multiple articulation where 1 constriction is MORE open than another
secondary articulation=
the most open articulator of 2
e.g. of secondary arituclation (scottish gaelic)
Caill /lʲ̪/ ‘lose’ (palatalisation)
Càil /l/ ‘something’
Càl /lˠ̪/ ‘cabbage’ (velarisation)
double articulation=
simultaneous articulation of equal constriction
affricates=
begin as stop–>end as fricatives
affricates in eng:
[tʃ] & [dʒ]
(^”church” & “judge”)
affricates in croatian
[ts tʃ dʒ tɕ dʑ]
(^”czar, cork, pocket, lentils, back”)
