Consonants

Question 1

consonants=

Answer 1

total or partial obstruction in the VT

Question 2

methods of describing consonants>

Answer 2

• voicing
  -airstream mechanism
  -place of articulation
• manner of articulation

Question 3

place of articulation=

Answer 3

where the airflow is obstructed

Question 4

types of place of articulation>(11)

Answer 4

bilabial, labiodental, dental. alveolar, post-alveolar, retroflex, palatal, velar, uvular, pharyngeal, glottal

Question 5

manner of articulation=

Answer 5

how the airflow is obstructed

Question 6

types of manner of articulation (8)

Answer 6

plosive, nasal, trill, tap/flap, fricative, lateral fricative, approximant, lateral apporximant

Question 7

plosives (in eng)=

Answer 7

p, t, k, b, d, g, ʔ

Question 8

nasals (in eng)=

Answer 8

m, n, ŋ

Question 9

trills (in eng)>

Answer 9

[r]

Question 10

tap/flaps (in eng)>

Answer 10

[ɾ]

Question 11

fricatives (in eng)>(10)

Answer 11

[f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ x h]

Question 12

approximants (in eng)>

Answer 12

[ɹ j]

Question 13

lateral apporximants (in eng)>

Answer 13

[l]

Question 14

where do we find [x] in english?

Answer 14

words like ‘loch’ [lɒx]

Question 15

tap vs trill?>

Answer 15

trill as lots of contacts of articulators (continuing vibrations), tap as one quick contact of articulators

Question 16

sonorants=

Answer 16

produced with non-turbulent airflow
>includes vowels, app, laterals, rhotics, nasals, taps, trills

Question 17

obstruents=

Answer 17

produced with turbulent airflow
>includes: fricatives, stops

Question 18

liquids=

Answer 18

laterals & rhotics (‘l’ & ‘r’ sounds)
>grouped due to similar behaviour

Question 19

continuants=

Answer 19

a sound that can keep going
>e.g [a:], [s], [n]

Question 20

approximant=

Answer 20

continuant without turbulent airflow

Question 21

glides/semi-vowels=

Answer 21

non-lateral app (not ‘l’ sounds, but continuants without airflow)

Question 22

airstream mechanism=

Answer 22

different ways air comes in and out, used in speech sounds

Question 23

egressive airstream vs ingressive

Answer 23

egressive=air going out
ingressive=air going in

Question 24

examples of ingressive airstream

Answer 24

‘gasping’
-phrase-final agreement in scotland, ireland and scandanavia

Question 25

airstream mechnaisms>(5)

Answer 25

-egressive pulmonic
-ingressive pulmonic
-ingressive velaric (clicks)
-egressive glottalic (ejectives)
-ingressive glottalic (implosives)

Question 26

what kind of sound is related to ingressive velaric airstream>

Answer 26

clicks

Question 27

what kind of sound is related to egressive glottalic airstream>

Answer 27

ejectives

Question 28

what kind of sound is related to ingressive glottalic airstream>

Answer 28

implosives

Question 29

production of clicks (& velaric ing airstream)

Answer 29

1> tongue closure at velum & somewhere else
2> air is sucked into velum which makes clicking sound

Question 30

clicks: frequency & where found?

Answer 30

• rare in world’s langs
  -found only in south & eastern africa (Xhosa)

Question 31

Clicks in the IPA

Answer 31

[ʘ], [ǀ], [ǃ], [ǂ], [ǁ]

Question 32

clicks in english>

Answer 32

-used paralinguistically
>e.g.
-blowing kiss (bilabial); tutting (dental),
calling animal (lateral)

Question 33

Ejectives (& egressive glottalic airstream) production>

Answer 33

1>glottal closure
2>this combines with another stop
3>air is pushed out (egressive)

Question 34

Ejectives frequency & where found>

Answer 34

• common in north american langs (not eng)
• found in south/east african langs
  -used phrase-finally in eng stops (especially ‘k’, for emphasis? end of phrase?)

Question 35

ejectives in IPA: symbol>

Answer 35

[’] (apostrophe)

Question 36

production of implosives (&ingressive glottalic) >

Answer 36

1>air comes in (ingressive)
2> this stops at glottis (glottalic)
3>lowered larynx sucks air in

Question 37

implosives frequency & where found?

Answer 37

-common in west african & south asian langs
-found in eng phrase-initial ‘b’

Question 38

which airstream mechanism is the most common way of speaking?>

Answer 38

• pulmonic egressive

Question 39

palatal-uvular stops> (e.g.)

Answer 39

-Czech
>Body /cɛlo/
>gun /ɟɛlo/
-Arabic:
>dog /kalb/
>heart /qalb/

Question 40

retroflexion>

Answer 40

• the tongue is moved back & curls back on itself

Question 41

palatals: how to produce> [ç ʝ] >

Answer 41

• long ‘eeee’ sound but raised tongue until make a fricative sound [ç ʝ]

Question 42

palatals: how to produce [ɲ]>

Answer 42

sound in ‘anja’ but merged /n/ & /j/ into one

Question 43

[t] as dental, alveolar, & retroflex>

Answer 43

-dental [t] when produced on back of top teeth
- if alveolar [t], tongue tip is moved back
- if retroflex [t], tongue tip is further back and curled back on itself

Question 44

multiple articulaton>

Answer 44

multiple articulation where 1 constriction is MORE open than another

Question 45

secondary articulation=

Answer 45

the most open articulator of 2

Question 46

e.g. of secondary arituclation (scottish gaelic)

Answer 46

Caill /lʲ̪/ ‘lose’ (palatalisation)
Càil /l/ ‘something’
Càl /lˠ̪/ ‘cabbage’ (velarisation)

Question 47

double articulation=

Answer 47

simultaneous articulation of equal constriction

Question 48

affricates=

Answer 48

begin as stop–>end as fricatives

Question 49

affricates in eng:

Answer 49

[tʃ] & [dʒ]
(^”church” & “judge”)

Question 50

affricates in croatian

Answer 50

[ts tʃ dʒ tɕ dʑ]
(^”czar, cork, pocket, lentils, back”)