Multicellular organisms 2 Flashcards
What is the key difference between a unicellular and multicellular organism?
A unicellular organism depends on just one cell for its functions whereas a multicellular organism has specialised cells for different functions.
What is cell differentiation?
The process when a stem cell changes from one type to a differentiated one.
What is gene expression?
Gene expression is where a gene gets turned on in a cell to make RNA and protein.
It is responsible for cell specialisation.
On-protein synthesised
Off-protein not synthesised
What are the basic needs of all cells?
Food and Oxygen
Waste removal of Co2 and Urea
What two important structures manage the needs of all cells?
Blood capillaries - Bring needs (oxygen, dissolved foods)
Lymph capillaries - collect waste products in tissue fluid
Describe the hierarchical structure of multicellular organisms
The cell is the smallest structural and functional unit of life
cells of the same type formed together are called tissue
different tissues together performing a certain task form organs
different organs working together form organ systems
What are the 4 main types of tissue cells and their function?
Epithelial tissue:
protective barrier (tightly packed cells)
Connective tissue:
connect other tissues and organs together (RBC, WBC, Fibres)
Muscle Tissue:
responsible for movement
Skeletal- voluntary movement
Smooth - involuntary movement
cardiac - Pumping action of the heart
Nervous Tissue:
send, receive and process information
What are the main functions of mammalian organ systems? (8)
Cardiovascular/ Circulatory:
pump blood through vessels and capillaries
Digestive:
digest food and absorb soluble products
Respiratory:
allow gases to diffuse in and out of the body
Excretory:
Remove wastes
Reproductive:
produce gametes and allow pregnancy/ birth
Immune:
Defend body from foreign particles/ organisms
Nervous:
detect stimuli and respond
Endocrine/ Hormonal:
produce hormones
Can lifestyle choices affect the normal functioning of organs and systems?
Lifestyle choices are decisions/ actions an organism makes that affect its health. It can have positive or negative impacts.
Alcohol consumption:
positive = relaxation, stress management
negative = organ failure, heart and liver disease
The respiratory system consists of? (12, (x2 Lungs))
nasal passage
mouth cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
rings of cartilage
lungs x2
bronchi
bronchioles
alveolar sac
diaphragm
Identify the characteristics of gas exchange surfaces and explain how these characteristics enable for efficient gas exchange.
Thin- minimise the distance the gas diffuses across
Moist- gases can dissolve and fuse across the membrane
Large surface area- lots of oxygen can be absorbed at once
Blood supply- oxygen can be transported
Aerobic respiration word and balanced chemical equation.
c6h12o6 + 602 –> 6c02 + 6h20 + ATP
glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water + energy
Explain the process of respiration in humans.
Oxygen inhaled
pass through larynx (splits from oesophagus)
moves down trachea
branches forming 2 bronchi
branches more forming bronchioles
end in alveoli (sacs)
02 goes from lungs to bloodstream @ same time c02 goes from blood to lungs
alveoli surrounded by capillaries
alveoli takes c02, squeezes it through body and out nose/ mouth
fish have what adaptations?
(gills) which allows them to obtain oxygen.
Complete diagram labelling respiratory system activity.
What 3 tissue types make up leaves?
Dermal
Vascular
Ground
Complete diagram labelling circulatory activity.
What features make a plant efficient at gas exchange?
Thin leaves
Large surface area
Moist
What is the difference between physical and chemical digestion?
Physical digestion -> mechanical decomposition
Chemical digestion -> chemical reaction
What organs are involved in the process of digestion?
Mouth
Oesophagus
Stomach
Liver
Large intestine
Small intestine
Rectum
Sequentially explain the role of these organs in the digestive system.
Mouth - teeth (physical), saliva enzymes (chemical)
Oesophagus - moth and stomach connector (peristalsis)
Stomach - hydrochloric acid (chemical), smooth muscle (physical)
Liver - bile produced (stored in the gall bladder)
Large intestine - moves through to the rectum
Small intestine - most enzymes involved (chemical)
Rectum - eliminates faeces from body through anus
Complete diagram labelling digestive system activity.
What is the main function of the cardiovascular system?
Circulates blood and transports nutrients
Compare open and closed circulatory systems
Open= Blood saturates the body and is open to the environment.
Closed= Consists of a heart that pumps blood through closed blood vessels.
Compare single and double circulatory systems.
Single= blood passes through a 2-chambered heart once per cycle.
Double= blood passes through a 4-chambered heart twice per cycle.
Humans have a double circulatory system, this consists of pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation. What does this mean?
Pulmonary= transports blood between heart and lungs
Systemic= transports blood between heart and rest of body
Describe the function of the key blood vessels; arteries, veins and capillaries.
Arteries (RED)= take blood from the heart to the rest of the body
Veins (BLUE)= carry blood toward the heart
Capillary= where most exchange takes place
Complete diagram labelling heart activity.
Correctly identify the main structures of a human heart and relate to its function.
Pulmonary arteries= deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.
Pulmonary veins= oxygenated blood to the heart from the lungs
Aorta= blood from the heart to rest of body
Vena cava= returns blood to heart
Coronary arteries= provide heart cells with nutrients and oxygen
4 Chambers= right and left atrium, right and left ventricle
4 Valves= Tricuspid, mitral, pulmonary, aortic (prevents backflow of blood)
