Multicellular organisms Flashcards
cell differentiation?
Process where a stem cell changes from one type to a differentiated one. Usually, the cell changes to a more specialised one.
unicellular organisms?
An organism that consists of only one cell. Must still carry out all functions necessary for survival and proper functioning of organisms.
multicellular organisms?
Those that consist of more than one cell. Including animals and plants.
almost all cells in …….. organisms contain what?
almost all cells in multicellular organisms contain DNA
genes?
(Regions of DNA molecule) code for a particular protein molecule.
stem cells?
undifferentiated cells with the capacity to both differentiate and multiply into the 200 cell types that form a human.
organisation (multicellular)?
all cells have basic needs
- food
- oxygen
and waste removal
- co2
- urea
blood capillaries?
bring needs such as oxygen, dissolved food, and other vital nutrients to the cell.
lymph capillaries?
collect tissue fluid containing cellular waste products
water in body has different names depending on location?
plasma - blood capillaries
tissue fluid - surrounding cells
lymph - lymph capillaries
plasma - back into blood capillaries
the hierarchical structure of multicellular organisms?
the cell is the smallest structural and functional unit of life
v
cells of the same type, assemble together, are called tissue
v
when different tissues assemble to perform a particular task they form organs
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and when different organs work together, they form organ systems
tissue types?
4 main types
- connective
- epithelial
- muscle
- nervous
epithelial tissue?
consists of sheets of epithelial cells
tightly packed cells ( acts as protective barrier)
cover and protect inside and outside surfaces of body
connective tissue?
consists of a population of cells and fibres that connect other tissues and organs.
red blood cells, white blood cells, fat cells & bone cells.
fibres – reticular, elastic and collagen
muscle tissue?
responsible for movement
3 types
- skeletal ( voluntary movement)
- smooth ( involuntary actions - digestion)
- cardiac ( pumping action to heart)
nervous tissue?
involved in sending, receiving and processing information
- nerve cells = neurons
tissue (plants)
plants also contain cells grouped into tissue
3 types
- dermal tissue (protective barrier)
- ground tissue (food & energy storage, photosynthesis, structural support)
- vascular tissue (material transport between organs)
gene is on?
protein synthesized
gene is off?
protein not synthesized
skeletal muscle tissue?
voluntary movement
smooth muscle tissue?
involuntary actions
- digestion
- blood movement through artery
cardiac muscle tissue
pumping action to heart
organs?
groups of tissues that work together to carry out one or more functions.
8 major organ systems
- cardiovascular
- digestive
- respiratory
- excretory
- reproductive
- immune
- nervous
- endocrine or hormonal
plants have three basic organs
- root
- stem
- leaves
roots, stem and leaves make up what organ systems in plants
shoot system
root system
root in plants
physically anchors and supports the plant in the soil
- absorption of water and minerals
- sugar storage - produced from photosynthesis
stem in plants
holds the plant upright
- allows for the absorption of co2 and sunlight
- consists of vascular tissue that transports water and sugar between the roots and leaves
leaves on plants
collect sunlight and make sugars via photosynthesis
lifestyles choices and the functioning of organ systems
plays a major role in determining how efficient the organ system functions day-to-day
controllable actions that directly affects an organisms state of health
characteristics of gas exchange
- thin
- moist
- large surface area
- rich blood supply close to the surface
human exchange surfaces
- blood capillaries
- lymph capillaries
- lungs
- small intestine
- kidneys
gas exchange formula (aerobic respiration)
c6h12o6 + 6o2 —> 6co2 + 6h2o + energy (ATP)
human respiratory system
- oxygen inhaled via nose & mouth
- oxygen passes through larynx
- larynx splits off from oesophagus and oxygen moves down trachea
- trachea branches to form 2 bronchi
- each bronchi continually branch off, forming narrower tubes called bronchioles
- bronchioles eventually end in tiny sacs called alveoli
- oxygen moves from lungs to bloodstream. at same time co2 passes from blood to lungs
- alveoli are surrounded by tiny blood vessels called capillaries
- o2 passes from alveoli to the blood by thin walls of alveoli and capillaries
- capillaries connect to pulmonary venule - bring oxygenated blood from lungs to heart
- alveoli takes co2, squeezes it out through bronchioles - bronchi - trachea - nose/mouth
gas exchange in respiratory system
whilst alveoli are handing over the o2, the capillaries are switching it out for co2, that the circulatory system picked up form all over the body.
how do lungs inhale and exhale?
diaphragm- large layer of muscles and tissue, sit underneath lungs, separating them from the abdomen
inhalation- diaphragm contracts, flattening out
exhalation- diaphragm relaxes, returning to its dome shape
