Multicellular organisms

Question 1

cell differentiation?

Answer 1

Process where a stem cell changes from one type to a differentiated one. Usually, the cell changes to a more specialised one.

Question 2

unicellular organisms?

Answer 2

An organism that consists of only one cell. Must still carry out all functions necessary for survival and proper functioning of organisms.

Question 3

multicellular organisms?

Answer 3

Those that consist of more than one cell. Including animals and plants.

Question 4

almost all cells in …….. organisms contain what?

Answer 4

almost all cells in multicellular organisms contain DNA

Question 5

genes?

Answer 5

(Regions of DNA molecule) code for a particular protein molecule.

Question 6

stem cells?

Answer 6

undifferentiated cells with the capacity to both differentiate and multiply into the 200 cell types that form a human.

Question 7

organisation (multicellular)?

Answer 7

all cells have basic needs
- food
- oxygen
and waste removal
- co2
- urea

Question 8

blood capillaries?

Answer 8

bring needs such as oxygen, dissolved food, and other vital nutrients to the cell.

Question 9

lymph capillaries?

Answer 9

collect tissue fluid containing cellular waste products

Question 10

water in body has different names depending on location?

Answer 10

plasma - blood capillaries
tissue fluid - surrounding cells
lymph - lymph capillaries
plasma - back into blood capillaries

Question 11

the hierarchical structure of multicellular organisms?

Answer 11

the cell is the smallest structural and functional unit of life
v
cells of the same type, assemble together, are called tissue
v
when different tissues assemble to perform a particular task they form organs
v
and when different organs work together, they form organ systems

Question 12

tissue types?

Answer 12

4 main types

1. connective
2. epithelial
3. muscle
4. nervous

Question 13

epithelial tissue?

Answer 13

consists of sheets of epithelial cells
tightly packed cells ( acts as protective barrier)
cover and protect inside and outside surfaces of body

Question 14

connective tissue?

Answer 14

consists of a population of cells and fibres that connect other tissues and organs.
red blood cells, white blood cells, fat cells & bone cells.
fibres – reticular, elastic and collagen

Question 15

muscle tissue?

Answer 15

responsible for movement
3 types
- skeletal ( voluntary movement)
- smooth ( involuntary actions - digestion)
- cardiac ( pumping action to heart)

Question 16

nervous tissue?

Answer 16

involved in sending, receiving and processing information
- nerve cells = neurons

Question 17

tissue (plants)

Answer 17

plants also contain cells grouped into tissue
3 types

1. dermal tissue (protective barrier)
2. ground tissue (food & energy storage, photosynthesis, structural support)
3. vascular tissue (material transport between organs)

Question 18

gene is on?

Answer 18

protein synthesized

Question 19

gene is off?

Answer 19

protein not synthesized

Question 20

skeletal muscle tissue?

Answer 20

voluntary movement

Question 21

smooth muscle tissue?

Answer 21

involuntary actions
- digestion
- blood movement through artery

Question 22

cardiac muscle tissue

Answer 22

pumping action to heart

Question 23

organs?

Answer 23

groups of tissues that work together to carry out one or more functions.

Question 24

8 major organ systems

Answer 24

1. cardiovascular
2. digestive
3. respiratory
4. excretory
5. reproductive
6. immune
7. nervous
8. endocrine or hormonal

Question 25

plants have three basic organs

Answer 25

1. root
2. stem
3. leaves

Question 26

roots, stem and leaves make up what organ systems in plants

Answer 26

shoot system
root system

Question 27

root in plants

Answer 27

physically anchors and supports the plant in the soil
- absorption of water and minerals
- sugar storage - produced from photosynthesis

Question 28

stem in plants

Answer 28

holds the plant upright
- allows for the absorption of co2 and sunlight
- consists of vascular tissue that transports water and sugar between the roots and leaves

Question 29

leaves on plants

Answer 29

collect sunlight and make sugars via photosynthesis

Question 30

lifestyles choices and the functioning of organ systems

Answer 30

plays a major role in determining how efficient the organ system functions day-to-day
controllable actions that directly affects an organisms state of health

Question 31

characteristics of gas exchange

Answer 31

• thin
• moist
• large surface area
• rich blood supply close to the surface

Question 32

human exchange surfaces

Answer 32

• blood capillaries
• lymph capillaries
• lungs
• small intestine
• kidneys

Question 33

gas exchange formula (aerobic respiration)

Answer 33

c6h12o6 + 6o2 —> 6co2 + 6h2o + energy (ATP)

Question 34

human respiratory system

Answer 34

1. oxygen inhaled via nose & mouth
2. oxygen passes through larynx
3. larynx splits off from oesophagus and oxygen moves down trachea
4. trachea branches to form 2 bronchi
5. each bronchi continually branch off, forming narrower tubes called bronchioles
6. bronchioles eventually end in tiny sacs called alveoli
7. oxygen moves from lungs to bloodstream. at same time co2 passes from blood to lungs
8. alveoli are surrounded by tiny blood vessels called capillaries
9. o2 passes from alveoli to the blood by thin walls of alveoli and capillaries
10. capillaries connect to pulmonary venule - bring oxygenated blood from lungs to heart
11. alveoli takes co2, squeezes it out through bronchioles - bronchi - trachea - nose/mouth

Question 35

gas exchange in respiratory system

Answer 35

whilst alveoli are handing over the o2, the capillaries are switching it out for co2, that the circulatory system picked up form all over the body.

Question 36

how do lungs inhale and exhale?

Answer 36

diaphragm- large layer of muscles and tissue, sit underneath lungs, separating them from the abdomen

inhalation- diaphragm contracts, flattening out

exhalation- diaphragm relaxes, returning to its dome shape