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Biology > Diseases --> Semester 2 > Flashcards

Diseases --> Semester 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Disease definition –> and the 3 types

A

A condition or change that negatively impacts the normal functioning of an organism.
the three types are:
- non-infectious
- congenital
- infectious

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2
Q

Infectious disease definition

A

can be spread
transmitted from organism to organism. all are caused by pathogens

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3
Q

Non-infectious disease definition

A

cannot be spread
disease that cannot be passed from one individual to another, they are caused by physical factors

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4
Q

Pathogen and 5 Types

A

A pathogen is an organism causing disease to its host,

viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi, protists

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5
Q

what is Airborne transmission

A

airborne droplets remain suspended in the air.

commonly transmitted through small respiratory droplets. These droplets are displaced when someone with the airborne disease sneezes, coughs, laughs, or otherwise exhales in some way.

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6
Q

what is Vector-borne transmission

A

vectors such as arthropods are living carriers of pathogens. Occurs when a pathogen lives on the surface of the vector, pathogen transmitted directly from vector to host

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7
Q

what is Contact Transmission

A

direct or indirect
pathogen being transmitted from person to person (touching, kissing, or sexual contact)

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8
Q

what is Vehicle transmission

A

non-living pathogen carriers. called fomites (clothes, utensils, furniture, door-knobs)

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9
Q

1st line

A

Physical
- skin (keratin)

Chemical
- lysozyme
- mucus
- stomach acid

Mechanical
- coughing
- sneezing

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10
Q

2nd line

A

Complement system
- 25 proteins

Interferons
- proteins that disrupt viral replication

Inflammation
- involves phagocytosis

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11
Q

how can an increase in core body temp help body fight against infection

A

slows down pathogen growth and increases the rate of phagocytosis by WBC (white blood cells)

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12
Q

phagocytes have an organelle called what? and what does it contain?

A

lysosomes that contain digestive enzymes for destroying pathogens

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13
Q

what system and fluid can WBC be found?

A

lymphatic system and lymph fluid

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14
Q

3 lines of defence

A
  1. physical, chemical & mechanical barriers
  2. non-specific (innate)- immune system
  3. specific (adaptive)- immune system
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15
Q

Distinguish between the two types of immunity:

A

Innate (non-specific)
Acquired (specific)

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16
Q

how can the immune system distinguish between non-self cells and self cells?

A

by recognising antigens.
–> signalling structures unique to a specific cell.

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17
Q

why are antibodies only effective against a specific pathogen?

A

the shape is complementary to the shape of antigen on pathogen

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18
Q

t-cells are involved in what?

A

specific immune response to infection

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19
Q

3 types of t-cells in specific immune response

A

cytotoxic t-cells
helper t-cells
memory t-cells

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20
Q

cytotoxic t-cells?

A

release perforin and cause apoptosis

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21
Q

helper t-cells?

A

help activate b-cells and cytotoxic t-cells

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22
Q

memory t-cells?

A

contain antigens specific for certain pathogen

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23
Q

4 points of entry

A

respiratory surfaces
wounds
digestive system
reproductive organs

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24
Q

acquired? (adaptive?)

A

specific defences
- cell-mediated
- humoral

25
Q

innate?

A

non-specific defences
- physical, chemical and mechanical
- phagocytosis and inflammation

26
Q

phagocytosis is what?

A

The process when cell is trying to destroy something,
- virus or infected cell,
- often used by immune system cells.

27
Q

phagocytosis steps

A
  1. engulfs pathogen
  2. phagosome forms
  3. phagosome fuse with lysosome –> phagolysosome
  4. digestive acids and enzymes destroy pathogen
  5. digested pieces released into extracellular space by exocytosis
28
Q

define immunity

A

ability of host to resist infectious disease

29
Q

categories of protection in non-specific immune response

A

physical and chemical barriers, the inflammatory response, and interferons.

30
Q

specific immune response is triggered by what

A

triggered by antigens

31
Q

example of physical protection

A

skin –> makes hard protective layer

32
Q

example of chemical protection

A

tears –> cells in eye produce and secrete range of chemicals including enzymes

33
Q

example of mechanical protection

A

blinking –> reflex action to irritation by particles (pathogens)

34
Q

what are non-self pathogens (molecules) called

A

antigens

35
Q

symptoms of inflammation

A

swelling
heat
redness
pain

36
Q

what is an antigen

A

causes the body to make an immune response

37
Q

infection steps

A
  1. host access gained
  2. attachment to host cells
  3. survive host defences
  4. replicate and cause host cell apoptosis
38
Q

inflammation steps

A
  1. bacteria invade, chemical messengers released (histamine).
  2. platelets cause blood clot, WBC arrive
  3. phagocytes (macrophages and neutrophils) digest bacteria, tissue heals
39
Q

what does a phagocyte do? and another name?

A

macrophage & neutrophils
recognise, engulf and kill pathogens by process –> phagocytosis

40
Q

what do lysosomes do in phagocytosis

A

fuses with phagosome –> phagolysosome
they consist of acids, oxidisers and enzyme
these chemicals decompose/breakdown pathogens

41
Q

what do memory t-cells do

A

recognise/remember pathogen if returned

42
Q

how are cytotoxic t-cells activated?

A

interleukin-2 released by helper t-cells –> leads to development of cytotoxic t-cells

43
Q

what is role of cytotoxic t-cells in immune response?

A

detect antigen and release protein called perforin
results in cell burst

44
Q

2 types of b cells

A

plasma cells and memory b cells

45
Q

congenital

A

genetically inherited

46
Q

all disease is caused by what?

A

pathogens

47
Q

epidemic

A

national spread of a disease

48
Q

pandemic

A

international spread of disease

49
Q

what cause the body to make immune responses

A

antigen

50
Q

role of interleukin1

A

activate B and T cells

51
Q

what is apoptosis

A

cell death

52
Q

3rd line

A
  1. phagocyte engulfs pathogen and becomes APC
  2. Helper T-cell binds to antigens on APC
  3. phagocyte (APC) releases interleukin-1
  4. Helper T-cells release interleukin-2

APC = antigen presenting cell (pathogen)

53
Q

3rd line cell mediated

A
  1. phagocyte engulfs pathogen and becomes APC
  2. Helper T-cell binds to antigens on APC
  3. phagocyte (APC) releases interleukin-1
  4. Helper T-cells release interleukin-2
  5. growth and development of cytotoxic t-cells (killer t-cells)
  6. killer t-cells bind to infected host cells and release perforin
  7. perforin causes holes in membrane of infected cells
  8. cell bursts and dies (apoptosis)
54
Q

3rd line humoral

A
  1. phagocyte engulfs pathogen –> APC
  2. Helper T-cell binds to antigens
  3. phagocyte (APC) releases interleukin-1
  4. Helper T-cells release interleukin-2
  5. growth of b cells –> plasma & memory
  6. plasma cells produce antibodies
  7. antibodies bind to pathogens
55
Q

neutralisation?

A

3rd line humoral –> (step 7, antibodies bind to pathogen)
antibodies bind to pathogen antigens and prevent penetration into host cells

56
Q

agglutination?

A

3rd line humoral –> (step 7)
antibodies bind to pathogens ‘glue’, them together and reduce mobility

57
Q

what is cell mediated?

A

an immune response that does not involve antibodies

58
Q

complement system?

A

promotes inflammation, and attacks the pathogen’s plasma membrane.

Biology (9 decks)

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