Multicellular organisms 1 Flashcards
Cell differentiation
Stem cell changes from one type to a more specialised one.
Unicellular Organisms
Consists of only one cell. Get nutrients from their environment.
Multicellular Organisms
Consist of more than one cell.
Genes
Regions of DNA molecule
Code for a particular protein molecule
Can be turned on and off
Stem Cells
Capacity to differentiate and multiply into the 200 cell types that form a human.
Blood Capillaries
Bring vital nutrients to cell
Lymph Capillaries
Collect waste products
Hierarchical Structure of Multicellular Organisms
Cells of same type, assemble together and make tissue
Different tissues assemble to perform particular task form organs
Different organs work together to form organ systems
Tissue and the types
A collection of smaller cells that carry out specific functions together.
- Connective
- Epithelial
- Muscle
- Nervous
Tissue Type - Epithelial
Tightly packed cells, acts as protective barrier
Tissue Type - Connective
Connect other tissues and organs.
RBC, WBC, Fat cells & Bone cells
Tissue Type - Muscle
Responsible for movement
3 types:
- Skeletal:
Responsible for voluntary movement - Smooth:
Responsible for involuntary movements (digestion) - Cardiac:
Responsible for pumping action of the heart
Tissue Type - Nervous
Involved in sending, receiving and processing information
Tissue (plants)
Dermal Tissue: Protective barrier
Ground Tissue: Food and energy storage
Vascular Tissue: Material transport between organs
What are organs
Groups of tissues that work together to carry out functions
8 Major Organ Systems
- Cardiovascular
- Digestive
- Respiratory
- Excretory
- Reproductive
- Immune
- Nervous
- Endocrine/ Hormonal
Cardiovascular System
Pump blood through vessels and capillaries throughout body tissues
Digestive System
Digest food and absorb soluble products into blood
Respiratory System
Allow gases in air to diffuse into/ out of body
Excretory System
Remove poisonous wastes and regulate level of other substances
Reproductive Systems
Produce gametes and allow pregnancy/ birth to occur
Immune System
Defend body from foreign particles and organisms
Nervous System
Detect stimuli from inside/ outside body and respond to them
Endocrine/ Hormonal System
Produce hormones from glands and secrete them into blood to coordinate cells and tissues
Organs (plants)
Root:
Physically anchors and supports the plant in soil.
Stem:
Holds the plant upright
Leaves:
Collect sunlight and make sugars via photosynthesis
Gas exchange surfaces (characteristics)
Enable for rapid and efficient diffusion of substances into or out of the body.
- Thin
- Moist
- Large surface area
- Rich blood supply close to the surface
Human exchange surfaces
Blood capillaries:
Transport nutrients and some waste exchange
Lymph Capillaries:
Waste Exchange
Lungs:
Gas exchange
Small intestine:
Absorption of digested foods
Kidneys:
Excretion of soluble wastes
Human Respiratory System
- Oxygen inhaled via nose/ mouth
- Oxygen passes through Larynx
- Larynx splits off from oesophagus and oxygen moves down trachea
- Trachea branches to form 2 bronchi
- Each bronchi form narrower tubes called bronchioles
- Bronchioles eventually end in tiny sacs called alveoli
- Oxygen moves from lungs to bloodstream. At the same time Carbon dioxide passes from blood to lungs
- Alveoli are surrounded by capillaries
- Thin walls of alveoli and capillaries allow oxygen to pass from alveoli to blood
- Capillaries connect to pulmonary venule which brings oxygenated blood from lungs to heart
- Alveoli take carbon dioxide, squeeze it out through the bronchioles - bronchi - trachea - nose/ mouth
Circulatory system (Cardiovascular)
Open:
pumps blood into a haemocoel with blood diffusing back to circulatory system.
Closed: (what we have)
Herat pumps blood through closed vessels
2 types of closed circulatory systems
Single:
Blood pumped between capillaries by a two-chambered heart once per cycle
Double:
Blood passes through a four-chambered heart twice per cycle
Blood
Fluid that transports materials between cells
Haemogoblin
Protein responsible for oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion
Blood Vessels - Arteries (RED)
Pump oxygenated blood away from heart to other parts of body
THICKER - because under pressure
Blood Vessels - Veins (BLUE)
Carry oxygenated blood to heart
LESS MUSCULAR - closer to skin
Blood Vessels - Capillaries
Have arterial and venous end
Where most exchange takes place
The Heart
Lung Capillaries:
Exchange of o2 and Co2 out/ into blood
Pulmonary Artery:
Brings deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs
Pulmonary Veins:
Brings oxygenated blood from lungs to heart
Vena Cava:
Returns deoxygenated blood from rest of body to the right atrium
Right Atrium:
Receives deoxygenated blood from the Vena Cava
Left Atrium:
Receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary vein
Right Ventricle:
Pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs
Left Ventricle:
Pumps oxygenated blood to rest of body
Aorta:
Main artery that pumps oxygenated blood to rest of body
Body Capillaries:
Exchange materials
Red =?
Oxygenated blood= Left
Blue =?
Deoxygenated blood= Right
Heart Adaptations
Cytoplasmic Bridge:
- Electrical impulses
Mitochondria
- Generate ATP for heartbeat action
