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Biology > Multicellular organisms 1 > Flashcards

Multicellular organisms 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell differentiation

A

Stem cell changes from one type to a more specialised one.

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2
Q

Unicellular Organisms

A

Consists of only one cell. Get nutrients from their environment.

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3
Q

Multicellular Organisms

A

Consist of more than one cell.

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4
Q

Genes

A

Regions of DNA molecule
Code for a particular protein molecule
Can be turned on and off

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5
Q

Stem Cells

A

Capacity to differentiate and multiply into the 200 cell types that form a human.

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6
Q

Blood Capillaries

A

Bring vital nutrients to cell

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7
Q

Lymph Capillaries

A

Collect waste products

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8
Q

Hierarchical Structure of Multicellular Organisms

A

Cells of same type, assemble together and make tissue

Different tissues assemble to perform particular task form organs

Different organs work together to form organ systems

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9
Q

Tissue and the types

A

A collection of smaller cells that carry out specific functions together.

  1. Connective
  2. Epithelial
  3. Muscle
  4. Nervous
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10
Q

Tissue Type - Epithelial

A

Tightly packed cells, acts as protective barrier

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11
Q

Tissue Type - Connective

A

Connect other tissues and organs.
RBC, WBC, Fat cells & Bone cells

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12
Q

Tissue Type - Muscle

A

Responsible for movement
3 types:

  1. Skeletal:
    Responsible for voluntary movement
  2. Smooth:
    Responsible for involuntary movements (digestion)
  3. Cardiac:
    Responsible for pumping action of the heart
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13
Q

Tissue Type - Nervous

A

Involved in sending, receiving and processing information

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14
Q

Tissue (plants)

A

Dermal Tissue: Protective barrier
Ground Tissue: Food and energy storage
Vascular Tissue: Material transport between organs

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15
Q

What are organs

A

Groups of tissues that work together to carry out functions

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16
Q

8 Major Organ Systems

A
  1. Cardiovascular
  2. Digestive
  3. Respiratory
  4. Excretory
  5. Reproductive
  6. Immune
  7. Nervous
  8. Endocrine/ Hormonal
17
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

Pump blood through vessels and capillaries throughout body tissues

18
Q

Digestive System

A

Digest food and absorb soluble products into blood

19
Q

Respiratory System

A

Allow gases in air to diffuse into/ out of body

20
Q

Excretory System

A

Remove poisonous wastes and regulate level of other substances

21
Q

Reproductive Systems

A

Produce gametes and allow pregnancy/ birth to occur

22
Q

Immune System

A

Defend body from foreign particles and organisms

23
Q

Nervous System

A

Detect stimuli from inside/ outside body and respond to them

24
Q

Endocrine/ Hormonal System

A

Produce hormones from glands and secrete them into blood to coordinate cells and tissues

25
Q

Organs (plants)

A

Root:
Physically anchors and supports the plant in soil.

Stem:
Holds the plant upright

Leaves:
Collect sunlight and make sugars via photosynthesis

26
Q

Gas exchange surfaces (characteristics)

A

Enable for rapid and efficient diffusion of substances into or out of the body.

  1. Thin
  2. Moist
  3. Large surface area
  4. Rich blood supply close to the surface
27
Q

Human exchange surfaces

A

Blood capillaries:
Transport nutrients and some waste exchange

Lymph Capillaries:
Waste Exchange

Lungs:
Gas exchange

Small intestine:
Absorption of digested foods

Kidneys:
Excretion of soluble wastes

28
Q

Human Respiratory System

A
  1. Oxygen inhaled via nose/ mouth
  2. Oxygen passes through Larynx
  3. Larynx splits off from oesophagus and oxygen moves down trachea
  4. Trachea branches to form 2 bronchi
  5. Each bronchi form narrower tubes called bronchioles
  6. Bronchioles eventually end in tiny sacs called alveoli
  7. Oxygen moves from lungs to bloodstream. At the same time Carbon dioxide passes from blood to lungs
  8. Alveoli are surrounded by capillaries
  9. Thin walls of alveoli and capillaries allow oxygen to pass from alveoli to blood
  10. Capillaries connect to pulmonary venule which brings oxygenated blood from lungs to heart
  11. Alveoli take carbon dioxide, squeeze it out through the bronchioles - bronchi - trachea - nose/ mouth
29
Q

Circulatory system (Cardiovascular)

A

Open:
pumps blood into a haemocoel with blood diffusing back to circulatory system.

Closed: (what we have)
Herat pumps blood through closed vessels

30
Q

2 types of closed circulatory systems

A

Single:
Blood pumped between capillaries by a two-chambered heart once per cycle

Double:
Blood passes through a four-chambered heart twice per cycle

31
Q

Blood

A

Fluid that transports materials between cells

32
Q

Haemogoblin

A

Protein responsible for oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion

33
Q

Blood Vessels - Arteries (RED)

A

Pump oxygenated blood away from heart to other parts of body
THICKER - because under pressure

34
Q

Blood Vessels - Veins (BLUE)

A

Carry oxygenated blood to heart
LESS MUSCULAR - closer to skin

35
Q

Blood Vessels - Capillaries

A

Have arterial and venous end
Where most exchange takes place

36
Q

The Heart

A

Lung Capillaries:
Exchange of o2 and Co2 out/ into blood

Pulmonary Artery:
Brings deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs

Pulmonary Veins:
Brings oxygenated blood from lungs to heart

Vena Cava:
Returns deoxygenated blood from rest of body to the right atrium

Right Atrium:
Receives deoxygenated blood from the Vena Cava

Left Atrium:
Receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary vein

Right Ventricle:
Pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs

Left Ventricle:
Pumps oxygenated blood to rest of body

Aorta:
Main artery that pumps oxygenated blood to rest of body

Body Capillaries:
Exchange materials

37
Q

Red =?

A

Oxygenated blood= Left

38
Q

Blue =?

A

Deoxygenated blood= Right

39
Q

Heart Adaptations

A

Cytoplasmic Bridge:
- Electrical impulses

Mitochondria
- Generate ATP for heartbeat action

Biology (9 decks)

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