Multi store model

Question 1

models of memory

Answer 1

MULTI STORE MODEL
WORKING MEMORY MODEL

Question 2

Who and when proposed the MSM?

Answer 2

Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968 AD.

Question 3

Multi store model

Answer 3

• it states that memory consists of 3 stores i.e, the sensory register, short term memory and long term memory.

Question 4

Sensory register

Answer 4

the sensory register is where the information is held at each senses. it is not under cognitive control as the STM and LTM. When attention is paid to the senses it is then converted into STM.

Question 5

coding, duration and capacity of the sensory register

Answer 5

CODING - depends on the sense organs that information is coming from.
- iconic = cisyal, echoic - sound, olfactory - smell. gustatory - taste, haptic - touch.

DURATION - very short; 1/4 of a second or 250 milliseconds.

CAPACITY - large

Question 6

research done into coding, capacity and duration of STM

Answer 6

• coding = baddeley (1966)
• capacity = jacobs (1887)
• ## duration = peterson and peterson (1959)

Question 7

coding - baddeleys research for coding in stm and ltm

Answer 7

• Baddeley gave 4 list of 10 words to 4 groups of particpants.
• list A was acoustically similar ( sounding the same), list B was acoustically dissimilar, list C was semantically similar ( having a similar meaning ) and list D was semantically dissimilar.
• it was found that the immediate recall was worse in list A and recall after 20 mins was worse in group d
• which suggests that information is coded acoustically in STM as recalling list A was difficult because it confused confusion.

Question 8

capacity of stm - jacobs

Answer 8

Jacobs used a serial digit span method presented the participants with list of words and number and the participants had to recall it.
- it was found that the average recall was 7 items for letters and 9 items for numbers which shows that the capacity in STM is limited. however MILLER suggested that it could be improved through chunking - making smaller set of words, objects etc.

Question 9

duration of stm - peterson and peterson

Answer 9

they presented the participants with trigrams like CAT, ADU etc. participants were asked to recall it from backwards to avoid maintenance reherseal (interference task). the recall was found to be 90% after 3 seconds however the recalll was found to be 5% after 18 seconds which shows that stm duration has a capacity of between 20 to 30 seconds however the result may be flawed methodolgy as it lacks mundane realism.

Question 10

how does information passes from stm to ltm?

Answer 10

information passes from stm to ltm by rehearsal, either maintenance rehearsal ( repeating the information) or through elaborative rehearsal ( linking the information laready to ltm). information is passed back from ltm to stm via retrieval and information could be lost through displacement or decaying.

Question 11

LONG TERM MEMORY

Answer 11

information stored may last permanently. information comes into ltm from stm via rehearsal and inorder to use the information in ltm it needs to be passed back to stm via retreival.

Question 12

coding, capacity and duration of ltm

Answer 12

coding - semantic ( through meaning)
capacity - unlimited
duration - unlimited.

Question 13

research into capacity of ltm

Answer 13

Wagenaar created a diary of over 2400 events in six years including who, what, when and where. it was found that when tested using cues, he had 75% recall of one particular critical detail after 1 year and 45% after 5 years.and his sense of remembering the event ( retention judgement) was 80% after 5 years which shows that the capacity of ltm is very large or unlimited.

Question 14

research into duration of ltm - Bahrick Et Al

Answer 14

392 participants aged 17 - 74 were tested for memory ofmold photographs and names of their school friends. it was found that the recall in matching face to names was found to be 90% after 15 years and the name was found to be 80% even after 48 yrs which shows that the duration in ltm is unlimited.

Question 15

research into capacity and duration of the sensory register - SPERLING.

Answer 15

trained participants were presented with a 3*4 word grid which consisted of 12 letters in total. when the participants were asked to recall a row after 1/20th of a second, the recall was found to be 75% which shows that all the information is contained in the iconic store meaning that the capacity of the sensory register is large.

However, when sperling aksed the participants to recall all the words they could only recall 4 or 5 words which suggests that the information in the sensory register was faded before it was paid attention and passed to stm which basically proves the point that the duration of the sensory register is less than 1 sec.

Question 16

research to show that stm and ltm are different stores

Answer 16

Glanzer and Cunitz. Glanzer and Cunitz showed that when participants are presented with a list of words, they tend to remember the first few and last few words and are more likely to forget those in the middle of the list, i.e. the serial position effect.

This supports the existence of separate LTM and STM stores because they observed a primacy and recency effect.

Words early on in the list were put into long term memory (primacy effect) because the person has time to rehearse the word, and words from the end went into short term memory (recency effect).

Question 17

ao3 evaluation of the multi store model

Answer 17

• one strength of this model is that the evidence supports that the memory is made up of different stores. evidence comes from the case of HM where he was unable to encode the LTM after he went to a surgery where his hippocampus was removed but his STM still remained intact.
  however a weakness of this model is that the evidence supports that the stm is not just only a unitary store. evidence comes from the case of KF where his STM was only damaged for verbal material (he could only manage 2 digit in the digit span test) whilst his visual STM remained intact. WWM proposed by Baddeley and Hitch also showed that STM is more than just one simple unitary store and comprises different components like central executive, phonological loop etc.
  MUNDANE REALISM as the experimental tasks testing the MSM are unlike how people use their memory in a real life scenario.

Question 18

evidence to support multi store model

Answer 18

evidence comes from a case syudy of a patient na,ed HM who suffered from several epilepsy and had to do a brain surgery to remove his hippocampus.
- this reduced his epilepsy but he had amemory loss where he could recall long term memory but not the stm which provides evidence that stm and ltm are different memory stores.

• evidence also comes from brain imaging studies which shows that different parts of the brain are active when information isnprocessed in different stores.
• frontal cortex for stm
  and hippocampus for ltm

Question 19

chunking

Answer 19

chunking is a method of increasing short term memory capacity by grouping information into larger units.