ATTATCHMENT

Question 1

Attatchment

Answer 1

attatchment is an emotional bond between two people.

Question 2

caregiver infant interactions in human

Answer 2

Reciprocity and interactional synchrony.

Question 3

reciprocity

Answer 3

reciprocity can be defined as an interaction between the infant and care giver involving mutual responsiveness where both infant and mother respond to each other turn by turn or by taking signals.

Question 4

interactional synchrony

Answer 4

interactional synchrony is an interaction where two people interact and tend to mirror what the other person is doing in term of facial and body movements.

Question 5

evaluative research on caregiver infant interaction

Answer 5

Meltzof and Moore
- infants between 12 and 21 days had an experimentor display facial gestures such as sticking tongue out and manual gestures such as opening and closing the hands. recordings of infants responsiveness were recorded. results showed that the infants imitated the experimenter.

Question 6

stages of attatchment ( schaffer and emerson )

Answer 6

1. pre attatchment or asocial stage( 0-6 weeks)
2. indiscriminate attatchment( 6 weeks to 7 months)
3. specific attatchment ( 7 to 9 months)
4. multiple attatchments.( 9 months and above)

Question 7

pre attatchment or asocial stage

Answer 7

babies respond to the objects in the same way as they respond to humans.

Question 8

indiscriminate attatchment

Answer 8

• babies can be handled by inividuals without distress. however they can differentiate between familiar and unfamiliar people. no stranger or separation anxiety.

Question 9

specific attatchment

Answer 9

separation and stranger anxiety develops. babies gives priority preference to primary attatchment figure or the mum.

Question 10

multiple attatchment

Answer 10

attatchment is observed towards a number of individuals such as brother, father, sister etc

Question 11

evaluative reseach of the stages of attatchment.

Answer 11

glassgow kids

Question 12

evaluation of the stages of attatchment

Answer 12

The Schaffer and Emerson study has low population validity. The infants in the study all came from Glasgow and were mostly from working-class families. In addition, the small sample size of 60 families reduces the strength of the conclusion we can draw from the study.

The study lacks historical validity. It was conducted in the 1960s when gender roles were different – Now, more men stay at home to look after their children, and more women go out to work, so the sample is biased.

Question 13

animals studies of attatchment

Answer 13

Harlow and lorenz

Question 14

lorenzs imprinting theory

Answer 14

• half of the greylag goose were taken by lorenz to hatch in an incubator whereas the other half were normally hatched by the mother.
• the gooslings hatched by lorenz followed him rather than the mother and the gooslings hatched naturally imprinted on their mother and followed her. even if the gooslings were placed together, half of the gooslings followed him. lorenz became their imprinted parent.
• imprinting is a strong biological feature of attatchment in birds and animals.
• lorenz also noted a critical period of about 32 hours where if there is no large moving object, there will be no imprinting.

Question 15

imprinting

Answer 15

when animals such as birds will strongly attatch to the first object (mostly the mother) they encounter. the infant will folow this object.

Question 16

harlows research

Answer 16

harlow tested cupboard love - babies love mothers because they feed them.

Question 17

harlows experiment

Answer 17

• • 16 new born baby rhesus monkeys were separated from their biolgical mother and kept in a cage with surrogate mothers.
• Two wires monkeys with different heads, one wire and the other wrapped in cloth, were placed with infant monkeys. the wire mother provided milk whereas the cloth mother didnt.
• the monkeys with access to cloth mother always preferred its company eventhough the wire mother provided milk. monkeys with access to cloth mothers also demonstrated additional confiedence in novel situations and returned to it when frightened.
• Monkeys with only the wire surrogate suffered from diarrhoea (a sign of stress).
• attatchment is concerned more with contact comfort rather than food.

Question 18

evaluation of harlows research( strengths )

Answer 18

• it was alaboratory experiment so strict control of the variables.
• this experiment could be replicated.

Question 19

weaknesses of harlows research

Answer 19

1. presence of confounding variable = the heads of two mothers were different.
2. cannot be generalised to human beings because humans and monkeys are qualitatively different.
3. ethical issues as the monkeys were distressed.
4. lacks ecological validity as the monkeys were not in their natural environment.

Question 20

explanations of attatchment

Answer 20

learning theory,bowlbys monotropic theory critical period and internal working model.

Question 21

learning theory

Answer 21

classical conditioning and operant conditioning

Question 22

classical conditioning

Answer 22

classical conditioning creates attatchment - association of care giver ( NS ) with food (UCS) causes conditioned response of pleasure.

Question 23

operant conditioning

Answer 23

dollard and miller
claimed that babies feel discomfort when they are hungry, however when they are given food the discomfort is removed i.e, negative reinforcement. the mother is therefore associated with the baby and creates attatchment.

Question 24

evaluation of learning theory in attatchment

Answer 24

1 reductionist because it is too simplistic to explain the complex processes in attatchment.
2. Learning theory can provide an adequate explanation of how attachments form. EVIDENCE/EXAMPLE: For example, we do seem to learn in a number of ways through association in real-life (e.g. we associate certain situations with danger when we develop phobias even if that association is irrational). The case of Little Albert shows that classical conditioning is the process by which we learn a variety of behaviours. Little Albert’s case shows that when you combine a loud noise (an unconditioned stimulus) with a neutral stimulus (a rat) after much repetition, this creates a conditioned response (fear of the rat).EVALUATION: This is positive because it suggests learning theory may at least play a part in attachment formation.

3. weakness comes from harlows experiment where he found that monkeys were more attatched tp contact comfort rather than cupboard love as suggested by learnig theory.

Question 25

bowlbys monotropic theory of attatchment