MEMORY

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

memory is the process in which the inofrmation is retained.
or
The information we retain is called memory.

Question 2

stages of memory process

Answer 2

encoding, storage and retrieval

Question 3

encoding

Answer 3

the process of transferring information to put into a memory is called encoding.
eg: john puts up his xmas decorations in a box for next year. he need a way to fit into abox. so he needs to arrange it . the same way is with human mind.

Question 4

storage

Answer 4

the process of maintaining information in our mind until we need it again is called storage.

Question 5

retrieval

Answer 5

recall and recognition

Question 6

recall

Answer 6

memory recall is when we consciously reaccess a whole memory without having to be reminded of the memory first.

Question 7

recognition

Answer 7

a person becomes familiar to the memory when they are given cues

Question 8

properties in which memory stores vary

Answer 8

capacity, coding and duration

Question 9

types of memory

Answer 9

sensory register, stm and ltm

Question 10

sensory register

Answer 10

the sensory register stores information temporarily from all our senses.
- uses sensory information like acoustic, visual etc
- sensory register stores information for only 1/4 to 1/2 seconds.
- it has a large storage capacity.

Question 11

research into memory

Answer 11

sensory register - sperling (1960) - duration and capacity
short term memory - Peterson and peterson (1969) duration
long term memory - Bahrick et al (1975) duration

Question 12

sperling research into duration and capacity of sensory register

Answer 12

• showed a grid of 3* 4 letters to participants for 50 miliseconds.
• two conditions whether particpants had to recall the whole grid or a specific row followed by a tune.
• when asked to recall the whole grid participants could recall atleast 4 words. but when asked to recall a specific grid, participants could only recall like 3 of the words.
• but sperling argued that participants could remember almaot the whole row which means that the capacity of the sensory register is very large.

Question 13

research into the coding of stm and ltm by baddeley

Answer 13

baddeley 1966 did a research where he gave participants 4 list of 10 words. so he did it in 4 groups.
- list A was acoustically similar
- list B was acoustically dissimilar
- list C was semantically similar
- list D was semantically dissimilar
when asked to do immediate recall, list a found it most difficult since it created confusion with similar sounding words which hence is an evidence that stm mainly does acoustic coding.
- when asked to recall fater 20 mins, list c found it most difficult as a confusion was created between the similar semantic words meaning that ltm is to do with semantic coding.

Question 14

research into capacity of stm

Answer 14

jacobs study
- a string of letters were presented which kept on inxreasing number or words until participants failed to tecall the sequence in the right order.
- found that the participants could recall upto 9 digits and 7 letters makin the capacity of stm 7+/-2

Question 15

millers study into jacobs study

Answer 15

miller (1956) hence suggested that the capacity of the stm can be improved through chunking
- chunking is joining the individual information together to become a more meaningful unit.
- stm can not only hold 7+-2 information but can hold upto 7+-2 chunks of information.

Question 16

duration of ltm by bahrick (1975)

Answer 16

• 392 participants were asked either to recall as much name as possible of their ex classmates( free recall) or they were asked to match either the picture with the name or to match the name with the picture ( recognition teest)
• after 15 years, particupants could recall 60% of the names and 90% in the recognition test.
• however when done after 48 yrs, it was found the recall rate dropped to 30% and the recognition was still very good upto 80%.
• hence found that recognition is better than recall.

Question 17

evaluation of bahricks study

Answer 17

• field experiment so has a high ecological validity as thr findings can be matched to real life situations.
• he had little control over extraneous variables so his study was not reliable.

Question 18

research into duration of stm by peterson

Answer 18

trigrams were presented to the particupants and then asked to recall either after 3,6,9,12,15 or 18 seconds.
- an interference task was done when participants were asked to recall by letter of 3 e,
, it was done to prevent repeating of the words internally
- after 3 sec, participants could recall upto 80%
- after 18 sec , only 10% of the information was recalled correctly.
- when rehearsal is presented very little can be stored in stm for longer than bout 18 seconds.

Question 19

types of ltm

Answer 19

sepisodic, semantic and procedural

Question 20

episodic memory

Answer 20

memory of the things that youve experienced.

Question 21

semantic memory

Answer 21

about knowledge and facts

Question 22

procedural memory

Answer 22

memory of how to do things

Question 23

tulvings study

Answer 23

tulving stated that we have 3 different stores for long term memory model.
- he did a case study on patients clive and henry who suffered a damage to their episodic memory but could still recall their procedural memory.
- evicence for his studies comes from the brain imaging research which shows that different parts of brain were involved in different memories.
episodic memory - hippocampus
semantic memory - temporal lobe
procedural memory - cerebrum and motor cortex.