Mucosal disease without diarrhea pt 2 Flashcards
vesicular stomatitis - what virus, genus, genetics?
- Vesicular Viral Disease
- Family: Rhabdovirus (bullet-shaped)
- Genus: Vesiculovirus
- Enveloped, single-strand negative sense RNA virus
- Several serotypes
vesiculat stomatitis affects what species
- Natural infection: cattle, horses, swine and llamas
<><> - Experimental: opossum, rats and lab animals (rabbits, ferrets, mice, hamsters, etc)
four types of vesicular stomatitis? which are in USA? cross immmunity?
Four distinct viruses recognized:
* VS Indiana (formerly called Indiana 1),
* VS New Jersey
* Alagoas virus (formerly called Indiana 3)
* Cocal virus (formerly called Indiana 2)
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* Indiana 1 and New Jersey occur in the United States.
* Viral strains vary in virulence
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* No cross immunity between types
vesicular stomatitis morbidity and mortality
- Morbidity 90%
> Variable with conditions
> Sporadic infection in 5-10% of herd - Mortality rate low
> Death in young not as common
as for FMD
vesicular stomatitis transmission
- Insects (Vectors)
- Play a major role, both hematophagous and
non-blood feeding insects
> Sandflies
> Blackflies
> Seasonal outbreaks - Mechanical transmission
- Contact
> Direct (Infected animals): oral mucosa
> Indirect (Contaminated objects): milking machine
vesicular stomatitis human transmission
- Contact with infected tissues, fluid from lesions, saliva
- Vector injection
> Blackfly, sandfly - Aerosol transmission in a laboratory setting
vesicular stomatits clinical signs
- Fever
- Oral lesions (ulcers)
> Salivation and reluctance to eat - Erosions or gums and tongue
- Ulcer on teats, interdigital
space & coronary band - Decrease in milk production
- Most infections are subclinical
vesicular stomatitis incubation period
3-5 days
vesicular stomatitis has fever and vesicles that resemble
FMD
do horses get affected by vesicualr stomatitis?
Horses severely affected
* Oral lesions
> Drooling, chomping, mouth rubbing, lameness
* Coronary band lesions
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Most severe with oral and coronary band vesicles, drooling, rub mouths on objects, lameness
vesicular stomatitis clinical signs in cattle and pigs? where do vesicles appear? recovery time?
- Vesicles: oral, mammary gland, coronary band, interdigital region
- Salivation, lameness
- Vesicles isolate to one area of
body - Mouth or feet
- Recover within 2 weeks
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Vesicles in oral cavity, mammary glands, coronary bands, interdigital space
sheep and goats clinical signs of vesicular stomatits?
Rarely show signs
Differential diagnoses? indistinguishable from what diseases? what should we do if we see this disease?
- Foot-and-mouth
- Clinically indistinguishable from:
> BVDB, bovine papular stomatitis, blue tongue (usually not epidemic)
> Toxins, bristle grass, etc.
Reportable disease
how to diagnose vesicular stomatitis?
- Viral culture
- RT-PCR
- immuno- fluorescence
- complement fixation tests
- antigen-capture ELISA.
- Antigen-capture ELISA can also be used for serotyping.
- Electron microscopy: distinguishing VSV from other viruses (FMD virus)
vesicular stomatitis post mortem lesions? histo? EM?
- Death is rare
> (usually attributed to 2nd infections: mastitis,
pneumonia) - Erosive, ulcerative lesions
> Oral cavity, teats, coronary band - Histology
> Degeneration of epithelial cells - Electronmicroscopy
> Virus in fresh lesions, vesicular fluid
vesicular stomatitis treatment
- Non-specific
- Separate affected from unaffected
- Rest, soft feed and source fresh of water
- Topical disinfectants and antibiotics
> (prevent 2nd infections) - Cleaning and disinfection: promises, feeders, watering milking equipment
vesicular stomatitis vaccines?
- Autogenous vaccines had been used in outbreaks
- Safety tested but not proven to be efficacious
- DNA vaccines under investigation and testing
public health considerations for vesicular stomatitis? human infection and symptoms?
- Humans are susceptible to VSV.
- Flu-like symptoms of approx 1
week duration - Rarely cause vesicular formation
- Gloves and safety glasses are recommended when examining or handling affected animals.
vesicular stomatitis clinical signs in humans? incubation? treatment, recovery, morbidity?
- Incubation period: 1-6 days
- Influenza-like symptoms
> Headache, fever, retrobulbar pain, malaise, nausea, limb and back pain, oral vesicles (rare) - Self-limiting disease, supportive care
- Recovery can be prolonged
- Death is rare
vesicular stomatitis prevention and control?
- Quarantine of affected promises
- No animal movement
bovine papular stomatitis
- family, genus?
- Family: Poxviridae
- Genus: Parapoxvirus
Bovine papular stomatitis - what type of disease and in what animals? characteristic lesions? importance?
- Mild viral disease of young cattle
- Clinically characterized by papules on the muzzle, inside the nostril and in the oral cavity
- Minor importance but could serve as a portal entry for 2nd bacterial infections
- Important differential diagnosis of erosive and vesicular viral diseases of the alimentary tract of cattle
what animals are generally affected by bovine papular stomatitis? morbidity?
- Young animals
- 2 weeks-2 years of age
- Morbidity close to 100%
bovine papular stomatitis transmission? associated with what?
- Direct contact with latently infected animals
- Direct contact with diseased animals
- Direct contact with contaminated food and water
- Immunosuppressive situations
- Associated with parasitism, IBR, BVD, etc.
BPS pathogenesis / manifestation?
- BPS manifests itself as papules following the viremic phase
- Secondary viral localization in the mucous membranes of:
- Muzzle
- Hard palate
- Esophagus
- Rumen
BPS physical findings
- No overt systemic signs
- Buccal or nasal papules
- Hyperemic foci (raised, red papular lesions)
BPS clinical signs, lesions
- Transient anorexia
- Weight loss
- Ptyalism
- Mild fever
- Unnoticed most to the time
- Lesions:
- Muzzle, inside nostrils and buccal mucosa, occasionally on the esophageal mucosa
appearance of BPS papules and development
- Start as a small (0.5-1cm) dark red
in color - Rough surface, expanding peripherally, nearly round
- Lessons may confluent
where do we find BPS lesions?
- Papular lesions on:
- Muzzle
- Nostrils
- Lips
- Dental pad
- Hard palate
- Soft palate
what do BPS lesions look like? how fast do they heal?
- Circular, depressed
- Brown scabs
- White necrotic centre
- Erosions (flat, irregular, red- bottomed)
- Heal in 3-5 weeks
BPS differential diagnoses?
- Vesicular diseases:
- BVD-MD
- MCF
- FMD/VS/
- Pseudocowpox (on teats)
BPS diagnostic plan
- Clinical appearance
> Age, distribution of lesions - Direct electron microscopy of scab
> Pineapple, ball of yarn - Histopathology:
> Eosinphilic intracytoplasmic inclusions
<><> - Electron Microscopy (saliva)
- Virus isolation (cell culture)
- Virus neutralization
- Indirect immunofluorescence:
> To distinguish between BSP, Milker’s nodules
and contagious ecthyma
BPS treatment
- Usually self-limiting condition (benign disease)
- Cryo (liquid nitrogen)
- Autologous vaccines
- or combinations of such therapies may be effective
BPS client education
- Zoonosis. Be mindful of:
- Close contact with diseased animals
- Hands, arms
- Break in skin required
