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3. Food Animal 2 > Mucosal disease without diarrhea pt 2 > Flashcards

Mucosal disease without diarrhea pt 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

vesicular stomatitis - what virus, genus, genetics?

A
  • Vesicular Viral Disease
  • Family: Rhabdovirus (bullet-shaped)
  • Genus: Vesiculovirus
  • Enveloped, single-strand negative sense RNA virus
  • Several serotypes
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2
Q

vesiculat stomatitis affects what species

A
  • Natural infection: cattle, horses, swine and llamas
    <><>
  • Experimental: opossum, rats and lab animals (rabbits, ferrets, mice, hamsters, etc)
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3
Q

four types of vesicular stomatitis? which are in USA? cross immmunity?

A

Four distinct viruses recognized:
* VS Indiana (formerly called Indiana 1),
* VS New Jersey
* Alagoas virus (formerly called Indiana 3)
* Cocal virus (formerly called Indiana 2)
<><>
* Indiana 1 and New Jersey occur in the United States.
* Viral strains vary in virulence
<><>
* No cross immunity between types

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4
Q

vesicular stomatitis morbidity and mortality

A
  • Morbidity 90%
    > Variable with conditions
    > Sporadic infection in 5-10% of herd
  • Mortality rate low
    > Death in young not as common
    as for FMD
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5
Q

vesicular stomatitis transmission

A
  • Insects (Vectors)
  • Play a major role, both hematophagous and
    non-blood feeding insects
    > Sandflies
    > Blackflies
    > Seasonal outbreaks
  • Mechanical transmission
  • Contact
    > Direct (Infected animals): oral mucosa
    > Indirect (Contaminated objects): milking machine
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6
Q

vesicular stomatitis human transmission

A
  • Contact with infected tissues, fluid from lesions, saliva
  • Vector injection
    > Blackfly, sandfly
  • Aerosol transmission in a laboratory setting
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7
Q

vesicular stomatits clinical signs

A
  • Fever
  • Oral lesions (ulcers)
    > Salivation and reluctance to eat
  • Erosions or gums and tongue
  • Ulcer on teats, interdigital
    space & coronary band
  • Decrease in milk production
  • Most infections are subclinical
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8
Q

vesicular stomatitis incubation period

A

3-5 days

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9
Q

vesicular stomatitis has fever and vesicles that resemble

A

FMD

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10
Q

do horses get affected by vesicualr stomatitis?

A

Horses severely affected
* Oral lesions
> Drooling, chomping, mouth rubbing, lameness
* Coronary band lesions
<><>
Most severe with oral and coronary band vesicles, drooling, rub mouths on objects, lameness

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11
Q

vesicular stomatitis clinical signs in cattle and pigs? where do vesicles appear? recovery time?

A
  • Vesicles: oral, mammary gland, coronary band, interdigital region
  • Salivation, lameness
  • Vesicles isolate to one area of
    body
  • Mouth or feet
  • Recover within 2 weeks
    <><>
    Vesicles in oral cavity, mammary glands, coronary bands, interdigital space
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12
Q

sheep and goats clinical signs of vesicular stomatits?

A

Rarely show signs

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13
Q

Differential diagnoses? indistinguishable from what diseases? what should we do if we see this disease?

A
  • Foot-and-mouth
  • Clinically indistinguishable from:
    > BVDB, bovine papular stomatitis, blue tongue (usually not epidemic)
    > Toxins, bristle grass, etc.
    Reportable disease
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14
Q

how to diagnose vesicular stomatitis?

A
  • Viral culture
  • RT-PCR
  • immuno- fluorescence
  • complement fixation tests
  • antigen-capture ELISA.
  • Antigen-capture ELISA can also be used for serotyping.
  • Electron microscopy: distinguishing VSV from other viruses (FMD virus)
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15
Q

vesicular stomatitis post mortem lesions? histo? EM?

A
  • Death is rare
    > (usually attributed to 2nd infections: mastitis,
    pneumonia)
  • Erosive, ulcerative lesions
    > Oral cavity, teats, coronary band
  • Histology
    > Degeneration of epithelial cells
  • Electronmicroscopy
    > Virus in fresh lesions, vesicular fluid
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16
Q

vesicular stomatitis treatment

A
  • Non-specific
  • Separate affected from unaffected
  • Rest, soft feed and source fresh of water
  • Topical disinfectants and antibiotics
    > (prevent 2nd infections)
  • Cleaning and disinfection: promises, feeders, watering milking equipment
17
Q

vesicular stomatitis vaccines?

A
  • Autogenous vaccines had been used in outbreaks
  • Safety tested but not proven to be efficacious
  • DNA vaccines under investigation and testing
18
Q

public health considerations for vesicular stomatitis? human infection and symptoms?

A
  • Humans are susceptible to VSV.
  • Flu-like symptoms of approx 1
    week duration
  • Rarely cause vesicular formation
  • Gloves and safety glasses are recommended when examining or handling affected animals.
19
Q

vesicular stomatitis clinical signs in humans? incubation? treatment, recovery, morbidity?

A
  • Incubation period: 1-6 days
  • Influenza-like symptoms
    > Headache, fever, retrobulbar pain, malaise, nausea, limb and back pain, oral vesicles (rare)
  • Self-limiting disease, supportive care
  • Recovery can be prolonged
  • Death is rare
20
Q

vesicular stomatitis prevention and control?

A
  • Quarantine of affected promises
  • No animal movement
21
Q

bovine papular stomatitis
- family, genus?

A
  • Family: Poxviridae
  • Genus: Parapoxvirus
22
Q

Bovine papular stomatitis - what type of disease and in what animals? characteristic lesions? importance?

A
  • Mild viral disease of young cattle
  • Clinically characterized by papules on the muzzle, inside the nostril and in the oral cavity
  • Minor importance but could serve as a portal entry for 2nd bacterial infections
  • Important differential diagnosis of erosive and vesicular viral diseases of the alimentary tract of cattle
23
Q

what animals are generally affected by bovine papular stomatitis? morbidity?

A
  • Young animals
  • 2 weeks-2 years of age
  • Morbidity close to 100%
24
Q

bovine papular stomatitis transmission? associated with what?

A
  • Direct contact with latently infected animals
  • Direct contact with diseased animals
  • Direct contact with contaminated food and water
  • Immunosuppressive situations
  • Associated with parasitism, IBR, BVD, etc.
25
Q

BPS pathogenesis / manifestation?

A
  • BPS manifests itself as papules following the viremic phase
  • Secondary viral localization in the mucous membranes of:
  • Muzzle
  • Hard palate
  • Esophagus
  • Rumen
26
Q

BPS physical findings

A
  • No overt systemic signs
  • Buccal or nasal papules
  • Hyperemic foci (raised, red papular lesions)
27
Q

BPS clinical signs, lesions

A
  • Transient anorexia
  • Weight loss
  • Ptyalism
  • Mild fever
  • Unnoticed most to the time
  • Lesions:
  • Muzzle, inside nostrils and buccal mucosa, occasionally on the esophageal mucosa
28
Q

appearance of BPS papules and development

A
  • Start as a small (0.5-1cm) dark red
    in color
  • Rough surface, expanding peripherally, nearly round
  • Lessons may confluent
29
Q

where do we find BPS lesions?

A
  • Papular lesions on:
  • Muzzle
  • Nostrils
  • Lips
  • Dental pad
  • Hard palate
  • Soft palate
30
Q

what do BPS lesions look like? how fast do they heal?

A
  • Circular, depressed
  • Brown scabs
  • White necrotic centre
  • Erosions (flat, irregular, red- bottomed)
  • Heal in 3-5 weeks
31
Q

BPS differential diagnoses?

A
  • Vesicular diseases:
  • BVD-MD
  • MCF
  • FMD/VS/
  • Pseudocowpox (on teats)
32
Q

BPS diagnostic plan

A
  • Clinical appearance
    > Age, distribution of lesions
  • Direct electron microscopy of scab
    > Pineapple, ball of yarn
  • Histopathology:
    > Eosinphilic intracytoplasmic inclusions
    <><>
  • Electron Microscopy (saliva)
  • Virus isolation (cell culture)
  • Virus neutralization
  • Indirect immunofluorescence:
    > To distinguish between BSP, Milker’s nodules
    and contagious ecthyma
33
Q

BPS treatment

A
  • Usually self-limiting condition (benign disease)
  • Cryo (liquid nitrogen)
  • Autologous vaccines
  • or combinations of such therapies may be effective
34
Q

BPS client education

A
  • Zoonosis. Be mindful of:
  • Close contact with diseased animals
  • Hands, arms
  • Break in skin required

3. Food Animal 2 (20 decks)

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