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3. Food Animal 2 > Ketosis > Flashcards

Ketosis Flashcards

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1
Q

what is clinical ketosis?

A

INCREASE IN KETONE BODIES (acetone, acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate)

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2
Q

ketosis clinical signs

A
  • anorexia
  • decreased milk production
  • firm dry feces
  • loss of body weight
  • nervous signs (occasional)
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3
Q

what samples should we take to diagnose ketosis?

A

milk, urine, blood all options

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4
Q

threshold of blood BHB consistently associated with clinical signs

A

There is no threshold of blood BHB consistently associated with clinical signs

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5
Q

problem with diagnosing ketosis

A

Diagnosis relies on Clinical Signs
- Anorexia, Decreased Milk
- Often goes Unnoticed

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6
Q

Nervous Ketosis clinical signs

A
  • Excessive licking, pica, hypersalivation
  • Circling, wandering, head pressing
  • Agitation, belligerence, aggression
  • Staggering, ataxia
  • Tremors > tetany
  • Mania, bellowing
  • Hyperesthesia
  • Weakness
    => symptoms may wax and wane
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7
Q

Pregnancy Toxemia in Ewes
- when do we see it? risk factors?

A
  • Late gestation (final 2 – 4 weeks):
  • Often in ewes carrying twins
  • Decreased rumen capacity
  • Inadequate feed supply or quality
  • External stressors (eg. inclement weather, stress)
  • Primary disease
  • Individual susceptibility
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8
Q

Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) of Beef Cows - when does this occur? contributing factors?

A
  • Late gestation:
  • Often in animals carrying twins
  • Decreased rumen capacity
  • Inadequate feed supply or quality
  • External stressors (eg. inclement weather, stress)
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9
Q

association of serum non-esterified fatty acids and displaced abomasum around calving time

A

NEFA in week -1 and +1 are more predictive of disease than BHBA (beta-hydroxy-butyric acid ) alone
> but can’t be measured cow-side or on-farm

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10
Q

Association of serum BHBA and DA

A
  • Ketosis typically precedes DA
  • BHBA increase starts before calving but is most predictive in week +1
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11
Q

does ketosis treatment rate on farms relate to ketosis incidence

A

Clinical ketosis treatment rate is a poor estimate of ketosis

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12
Q

what proportion of dairy farms have ketosis present? prevalence?

A

Ketosis is present on all farms
Weekly point prevalence = 20%

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13
Q

Distribution of prevalence of ketosis in week 1 postpartum? consequences?

A
  • 19% of cows had BHBA ≥ 1.2 mmol/l in week 1
  • 40% of herds had > 15% of cows with ketosis
    > This herd‐level threshold associated with
    increase DA rate and decreased pregnancy rate and early lactation milk yield
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14
Q

Incidence (first diagnosis) of ketosis

A

Based on weekly testing:
* median time to diagnosis of clinical ketosis = 11 DIM
* 50% of ketosis cases diagnosed between 3 and 5 DIM

Based on testing 3X/week:
* 75% of ketosis diagnosed between 3 and 7 DIM

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15
Q

subclinical ketosis (serum BHB > 1.0 - 1.4 mmol/L in early lactation is associated with:

A
  • 4-8x increased risk of LDA
  • decreased milk production in week 1
    > but not later on? (maybe even increased?)
  • 1.8x increased oddsof culling < 60 DIM
  • increased severity of mastitis
  • inconsistent effects on neutrophil function
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16
Q

effects of subclinical ketosis on milk production

A

Estimated losses:
- 300-450 kg per lactation
> most in first 100 days, inverted peaks in lactation curve

  • 1st DHI Test: Linear Loss with increased BHBA (subclinical ketosis BHBA >1.4 mmol/L)
  • 1.4 kg, > 1400 umol/L serum BHBA
  • 1.8 kg, > 1600 umol/L serum BHBA
  • 3.2 kg, > 1800 umol/L serum BHBA
  • 4.2 kg, > 2000 umol/L serum BHBA

> still a bit less production at week 2, but comes closer at week 3

17
Q

Subclinical ketosis (serum BHB > 1.0 – 1.4 mmol/L) in early lactation is associated with:

A
  • 3 X Increased risk of metritis (not in all studies)
  • 1.4 X greater odds of endometritis (uterine inflammation based on cytology) at 35 DIM
  • 1.5 X increased odds of being anovular (not cyclic) at 63 DIM (19% vs. 13% of cows)
  • Decrease in pregnancy at first AI
  • point prevalence > 20% associated with herd annual pregnancy at first AI < 40%
  • BHB > 1.2 mmol/L in any of 1st 5 weeks postpartum associated with lower 6-week in-calf in pasture system
    <><>
    Ketosis in week 1 or 2 decreased pregnancy rate
18
Q

effects of ketosis on reproduction depends on

A

milk yield (or vice versa)
- low yield cows seem to have more pregnancy failure

19
Q

economic cost of ketosis

A

$289 US per case

20
Q

cow-side tests for ketosis

A

Milk
- keto-test

Urine
- Sensitivity = 79%; Specificity = 96%

Blood
- Precision XTRA (freestyle Neo)
> Sensitivity = 87-100%
> Specificity = 74-100%

21
Q

Routine ketosis screening and treatment uses

A
  • study had 1/2cows treated with propylene glycol,1/2untreated
  • treated cows has
    > shorter time to ketosis cure (~ 5 vs 7 d)
  • ↑ ketosis cure – 1.5x
  • ↑ milk production – 0.69 kg/d to 30 DIM (varied by herd)
  • ↓ DA risk – 0.63x
  • ↓ culling risk – 0.32x
22
Q

Ketosis treatment summary

A

Based on ketosis cure +1 and +2 weeks and milk yield to 30 DIM
<><>
- Blood BHB ≥ 1.2 but < 2.4 mmol/L (or KetoTest = 100)
> Treat with 3 d glycol 300g 1X/day

  • BloodBHB>2.4mmol/L(KetoTest≥200)
    > Treat with 5 d glycol
  • If BHB > 1.2 mmol/L and glucose < 2.2 mmol/L (38% of cases)
    > Add treatment with Catosal or B12 (1.25 mg) for 3 d
  • retest at end of treatment
  • addition of dexamethasone not recommended
  • treat nervous ketosis with IV dextrose; otherwise not
23
Q

Once-daily milking (ODM) as treatment for ketosis
- effective?

A
  • no difference in DMI
  • Pregnancy at first AI (~85 DIM)
    ODM 45%
    TDM 30%
24
Q

Testing and treatment programs for ketosis
- most cost effective?

A
  • Models of cost-benefit of treating every cow vs.testing 1 – 3 X/week; all ketotic cows treated with propylene glycol for 5 d
  • Given the model assumptions and their variations, for herds with 15 to 50% incidence of ketosis, most cost-effective was to test 2X per week between 3 and 9 DIM (identified 80% of cases)
  • Herd DA and early culling risk were the most influential variables (greater benefit at higher risks)
25
Q

Ketosis prevention

A
  • Only 11% of the variation in the incidence of ketosis was explained by cow-level risk factors
  • A large part of the controllable variation lies at herd or management level:
  • Bunk space and feed availability
  • Movement and grouping
  • Heat abatement
  • Feed quality
  • TMR consistency
  • Water access
  • Monensin Controlled Release Capsule

3. Food Animal 2 (20 decks)

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