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3. Food Animal 2 > Indigestion in Ruminants 2 > Flashcards

Indigestion in Ruminants 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

carbohydrate engorgement of ruminants happens due to:

A

¤ Access to highly fermentable feedstuffs
¤ by unaccustomed animals, or
¤ in larger than normal amounts

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2
Q

carbohydrate engorgement of ruminants - speed of clinical course

A

rapid

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3
Q

etiology of carbohydrate engorgement? what types of food?

A

¤ Sudden ingestion of toxic amounts of carbohydrate-rich feed
> Grains
<> Most toxic: wheat, barley, corn
<> Less toxic: oats and sorghum
> Finely ground feeds with large surface area promote rapid fermentation
> Apples, grapes, bread, baker’s dough, sugar beet, mangels, sour wet brewers’ grain

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4
Q

pethogenesis of carbohydrate engorgement

A

grain overload > strep bovis overload > lactic acidosis > severe drop in pH
<><>
¤ Increased of VFAs
¤ Decreased rumen pH
¤ Decrease rumen motility
¤ Increased Lactic acid (D and L isomers)
¤ Acid resistant Lactobacillus spp. proliferate producing lactic acid
¤ Increase rumen osmolality (280mOsm/L to ≈400 mOsm/L)

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5
Q

what species / animals are susceptible to carbohydrate engorgement? trigger?

A

¤ Cattle and sheep are susceptible
¤ Common in feedlot and dairy cattle
¤ Rapid change in high energy ration
¤ Accidental consumption of large quantities of grain

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6
Q

morbidity and mortality for carbohydrate engorgement

A

¤ Morbidity: 10-50%
¤ Mortalities:
> Non-treated animals: up to 90%
> Treated: 30-40%

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7
Q

carbohydrate engorgement GI clinical findings

A

¤ Abdominal pain
¤ Dehydration (6-12 %)
¤ Diarrhea – fluid, fetid
¤ Splashy rumen, bloat
¤ Rumen fluid analysis
> pH < 5
> sour odor
> protozoa dead, predominance of gram +

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8
Q

rumen fluid analysis for carbohydrate engorgement

A

¤ pH < 5
¤ sour odor
¤ protozoa dead, predominance of gram +

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9
Q

vital signs Clinical findings for carbohydrate engorgement (demeanor, appearance, HR, RR)

A

¤ Depression
¤ Lameness
¤ Scleral injection
¤ Elevated temp initially, may progress to subnormal (shock)
¤ HR = 80-140 bpm
¤ Respiratory rate elevated (blow off CO2)

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10
Q

carbohydrate engorgement clinical findings
- acidosis?
- blood?
- enzymes?
- electrolytes?

A
  • Metabolic acidosis
  • Increased PCV and total protein
  • Elevated BUN and creatinine (azotemia), phosphorous
  • Increased anion gap
  • Decreased calcium (hypocalcemia)
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11
Q

how does lactic acid in the rumen cause issues?

A

¤Lactic acid accumulation in the rumen increase the rumen fluid osmolarity, drawing more body water into the rumen (creates the “splashy rumen”)
¤Loss of body water causes dehydration contributing to acidosis
¤Lactic acid is absorbed from rumen as well as from small intestine & profound lactic acidosis develops

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12
Q

Chemical and mycotic rumenitis, liver abscessation
- how does this develop from carbohydrate engorgement?

A

¤ Acidic rumen pH damages mucosal surfaces in the forestomachs & intestine
¤ Blood vessels thrombosis & sections of rumen mucosa & submucosa slough allowing bacteria to invade
¤ Bacteria travel to liver via portal circulation & cause liver abscesses
¤ Mycotic rumenitis may develop
<><>
¤ Lactic acidosis > rumenitis > bacterial access to systemic circulation

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13
Q

bile duct and renal sequelae of carbohydrate engorgement

A

¤ Lactic acidosis > rumenitis > bacterial access to systemic circulation
¤ Diffuse coagulation and hyperplasia of bile duct epithelium
¤ Renal tubular degeneration may occur

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14
Q

what bacteria are implicated in hepatic abscessation due to carb overload?

A

¤ Fusobacterium necrophorum & Archanobacter pyogenes

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15
Q

what other toxins increase in a case of carb overload? what do they cause?

A

¤ Histamine levels increase
¤ Ethanol, methanol, tyramine, tryptamine production
contribute to CNS depression
¤ Thiaminase production may result in development of polio
¤ Death of Gram – bacteria can cause endotoxin release

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16
Q

diagnosis for carbohydrate engorgement

A

¤ History
¤ Clinical signs and clinical findings
¤ Rumen fluid analysis
> <5
> Absence of protozoa
> G- replaced by G+ bacteria
<><>
¤ Biochemistry panel
> Hemoconcentration
> Hyperlactetamia
> Hypocalcemia
> Low bicarbonate
¤ Blood gas analysis
> Lactic acidosis
¤ Urine
> pH <5

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17
Q

Treatment for carbohydrate engorgement

A

¤ Correct ruminal and systemic lactic acidosis > Sodium bicarbonate IV

¤ Prevent further lactic acid production
> Alkalinazing agents intraruminally
<> Magnesium hydroxide

¤ Restore fluids and electrolytes
> Hypertonic NaCL, Lactated Ringer’s solution

¤ Restore forestomach and intestinal motility

¤ Rumenotomy

¤ Rumen lavage
> Kingsman tube

¤ Antibiotics

¤ Antihistamines

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18
Q

Sub-acute Ruminal Acidosis (SARA) definition

A

¤ Definition: acidosis is a decrease in the alkali (base excess) in body fluids relative to the acid (hydrogen ion) content.
¤ Ruminal acidosis > ingestion of large amounts of highly fermentable, carbohydrate-rich feeds > excessive production and accumulation of lactic acid in the rumen.

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19
Q

SARA: Causes

A

¤ inadequate ruminal buffering
¤ inadequate adaptation to high carbohydrate diets.
¤ Diets with excessive (over about 15%) long forage particles can paradoxically increase the risk .
¤ In general major causes for subacute ruminal acidosis are lack of coarse fiber and/or excess concentrates in the diet, feed sorting, rapid diets changes, and engorging.

20
Q

is rumen pH constant throughout the day?

A
  • no, it goes through major and minor cycles
  • range ~5.4 (around noon) - 6.6 (midnight)
21
Q

what is rumen bloat? what are the forms?

A

¤ Gas production is a normal occurrence during rumen fermentation
¤ Excessive retention of gases of fermentation
¤ Bloat occurs if eructation is prevented for any reason
¤ Abnormal distention of rumen and reticulum
¤ Forms:
> Foamy (primary)
> Free gas (secondary)

22
Q

how often does normal eructation occur in ruminants? how much gas per minute?

A
  • Eructation, or belching, normally occurs about once every minute and requires about 10 seconds to be completed.
  • 2L of gas per minute
23
Q

layers of material in the rumen, from top to bottom

A

Top
- gas pocket
- layer of coarse hay and low density particles
- liquid ingesta layer; medium density
- fine particles; high density
Bottom

24
Q

primary rumen tympany (frothy bloat)
- pasture vs feedlot bloat causes

A

¤ Leguminous (pasture)
¤ Finely ground grain (feedlot)

25
Q

¤ Secondary rumen tympany (free-gas bloat)
- what causes this?

A

¤ Diets that lead to excessive gas production
¤ Failure to eructate

26
Q

epidemiology of pasture bloat

A

¤ Lush pastures
¤ Spring and autumn

27
Q

epidemiology of feedlot bloat

A

¤ Large quantities of grain/little roughage

28
Q

Bloating forages

A

¤ Alfalfa (Medicago sativa)
¤ Red clover (Trifolium pratense)
¤ White clover (Trifolium repens)
¤ Sweet clover and alsike clover
¤ Cereal crops, rape, cabbages, peas, bean, young grass

29
Q

Feedlot bloat risk factors

A

¤ High-level grain finishing ration
¤ Roughage component is alfalfa

30
Q

pathogenesis of bloat?

A
  • normally, gas bubbles in the rumen float up to form gas cap
  • eructation removes gas
    > for dairy cow on grass: 100L/h; on legumes: 200L/h
    <><>
    In bloat:
    1. gas bubbles dispersed throughout the rumen
    2. inadequate coalescence of gas bubbles
    3. inhibition of eructation
    <><>
    ¤ Production of stable, proteinaceous FOAM
    ¤ Formed from leaf cytoplasmic 18-S soluble protein and saponins
    ¤ FOAM traps normal amount of gases
    > CO2, methane
    ¤ FOAM prevents the coalescence of small gas bubbles
    ¤ Gas remains trapped in the rumen fluid
    <><>
    ¤ Cardia cannot be cleared of FOAM > Eructation cannot occur > Gaseous distension of rumen > Pressure on large veins (posterior vena cava) > decreased venous return > increased blood pressure
    <><>
    ¤ Gaseous distension of rumen > Decreased thoracic volume > Hypoxia > Death
31
Q

clinical findings with bloat

A

¤ Distended left paralumbar fossa
¤ Discomfort (grunting, colic)
¤ Open-mouth breathing
¤ Anorexia
¤ Salivation
¤ Anxious
¤ Depressed terminally ¤ Sudden death

32
Q

therapy for free gas bloat

A

¤ Pass a stomach tube (carefully) either nasogastric or
orogastric
¤ If positional, roll cow into sternal recumbency
¤ Force exercise
¤ If hypocalcemia, administer calcium
¤ Rumen stimulants
¤ Rumen trocharization or rumenotomy for emergencies only

33
Q

Rumen Tympany-”Bloat” - is this serious?

A

¤ EMERGENCY!!

34
Q

Rumen Tympany-”Bloat” - what may happen with mild cases? what should we feed? what type of bloat is stomach tube good for?

A

¤ Mild cases may spontaneously regress
¤ Feed coarse, stemmy hay
¤ Pass stomach tube: NOT effective in “frothy” bloat

35
Q

what are our aims for frothy bloat treatment?

A

¤ 1. Lower the surface tension and viscosity of foam
¤ 2. Promote coalescence of bubbles of gas

36
Q

in a frothy bloat case, do we prefer drenching or intra-ruminal injection or stomach tube administration? what is the goal of this?

A

Drenching preferable to intra-ruminal injection or stomach tube administration
¤ Clears cardia of froth

36
Q

Rumen Tympany-”Bloat”
- anti-foaming agents

A

¤ Synthetic non-ionic detergents:
¤ “AlfasureTM” -; Polaxalene (1,2-Propyleneglycol, ethoxylated and propoxylated). Rafter Products, Calgary, AB
¤ Alcohol ethoxylate detergent (“Blocare”)
¤ Oils:
¤ Peanut oil; Vegetable oil (120-180 ml)
¤ Mineral oil (120 ml);
¤ Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (“Tympanex”)

37
Q

how do we administer anti-foaming agents for frothy bloat?

A

¤ Directly injected to rumen ( 14g needle)

38
Q

therapy for frothy bloat, to reduce surface tension? mechanism?

A
  • Poloxalene – 2 oz.
  • Household detergent (Tide 2-3 oz.)
  • Mineral oil
  • Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DSS)

*All of the above reduce surface tension allowing consolidation of tiny bubbles into a free gas bloat which can be eructated or relieved via tube

39
Q

Rumen Tympany-”Bloat”
- prevention - pasture management

A

¤ Avoid grazing legumes between 0700-0800 hrs - high risk period
¤ Graze on mixed grass/legumes
¤ Mature grass-dominant pastures
¤ Feed roughages before turning onto legume- dominant pastures

40
Q

Rumen Tympany-”Bloat” - preventative anti-foaming agents

A

¤ “AlfasureTM” (Poloxalene) in water supply
¤ Drench 2x daily with detergents
¤ Feed anti-bloat supplements (poloxalene)
¤ Strip grazing and pasture spraying
¤ tallow or mineral oil emulsions
¤ Legumes that are “bloat-safe”

41
Q

what is the etiology of chronic bloat? therapy?

A
  • Chronic bloat – typically free gas bloat associated with high grain diets that may cause a permanent shift in microbiota
    – Increase fiber in diet & reduce grain
    – Rumen transfaunation
    – Temporary rumenostomy in severe cases
  • May be 2° to another problem such as vagus indigestion
42
Q

how to remove rumen contents

A

¤ Kingman tube
¤ Rumenotomy
¤ Ice water administration

43
Q

what other therapies can be combined with rumenotomy?

A

*Fluid and electrolyte replacement IV
*Anti-inflammatory agents –flunixin meglumine (Banamine)
*Antibiotics
*Antimycotic therapy
*Rumen transfaunation
*Thiamine
*B-complex vitamins

44
Q

Client education for bloat - important considerations for prevention

A
  • Slow adaptation to grain
  • Limit legume grazing
  • Poloxalene in feed, molasses, salt or block
  • Maintain sufficient long stem hay (fiber) in ration to stimulate good rumen motility
    ¤ Make dietary changes very gradually
    > Addition of antibiotics, HCO3-, and ionophore antibiotics to the feed have been beneficial but do not replace good management
    ¤ Rumen adaptation may take 6 weeks

3. Food Animal 2 (20 decks)

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