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MTAP 2nd Semester > MTAP W4 (Hematology: Checkpoint notes: Megakaryopoiesis/Platelets) > Flashcards

MTAP W4 (Hematology: Checkpoint notes: Megakaryopoiesis/Platelets) Flashcards

1
Q

fragments of the cytoplasm of mature megakaryocytes

A

platelets

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2
Q

progenitor cell of megakaryocytopoiesis/thrombopoiesis

A

CFU-GEMM

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3
Q

3 stages of megakayocytes lineage-committed progenitor cells

least mature; clones hundreds of daughter cells

A

BFU-Meg

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4
Q

3 stages of megakayocytes lineage-committed progenitor cells

intermediate; clones scores of daughter cells

A

CFU-Meg

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5
Q

3 stages of megakayocytes lineage-committed progenitor cells

more mature; undergoes first stage of endomitosis

A

LD-CFU-Meg

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6
Q

influence proliferation of the stem and progenitor cells

A
  1. SCF/stem cell factor
  2. IL-3
  3. GM-CSF
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7
Q

support megakaryocyte production, primarily maturation

A
  1. IL-6
  2. IL-11
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8
Q

major humoral factor regulating platelet development which influences all stage of megakaryocyte production

A

thrombopoietin

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9
Q

the development of megakaryocytes

nuclear division without cytoplasmic division

A

endomitosis

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10
Q

a single megakaryocyte may shed - to - platelets

A

2000-4000

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11
Q

maturation sequence of megakaryoblast to platelets is about - days

A

5-7 days

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12
Q

in differentiating the maturation stages of the megakaryocytic cells, emphasis should be placed on the -

A

cytoplasmic appearance

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13
Q

stage -

megakaryoblast

A

1

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14
Q

stage -

promegakaryocyte (basophilic megakaryocyte)

A

2

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15
Q

stage -

granular megakaryocyte

A

3

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16
Q

stage -

mature megakaryocyte

A

4

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17
Q

stage -

SHAPE: round oval/ kidney shaped

A

1

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18
Q

stage -

SHAPE: irregular, horseshoe shape

A

2

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19
Q

stage -

SHAPE: multiple nuclei or multilobed

A

4

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20
Q

stage -

chromatin: fine

A

1

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21
Q

stage -

chromatin: coarse

A

2

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22
Q

stage -

chromatin: coarse and linear

A

4

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23
Q

stage -

nucleoli: multiple nucleoli

A

1,2

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24
Q

stage -

nucleoli: no nucleoli visible

A

3,4

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25
Q

stage -

cytoplasm: deeply basophililc, darker than myeloblast

A

1

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26
Q

stage -

cytoplasm: less basophilic

A

2

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27
Q

stage -

cytoplasm: pinkish blue

A

3

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28
Q

stage -

cytoplasm: totally pink

A

4

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29
Q

stage -

granules: nongranular/rare

A

1

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30
Q

stage -

granules: granules begin to form in golgi region

A

2

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31
Q

stage -

granules: very fine and diffusely granular

A

3

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32
Q

stage -

granules: coarse clumps of granules aggregating into little bundles, which BUD OFF from the peiphery to become platelets

A

4

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33
Q

stage -

n/c ratio: 10:1

A

1

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34
Q

stage -

n/c ratio: 4:1-7:1

A

2

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35
Q

stage -

n/c ratio: 2:1-1:1

A

3

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36
Q

stage -

n/c ratio: less than 1:1

A

4

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37
Q

there are - terminal megakaryocyte differentiation stages

A

3

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38
Q

Terminal

megakaryoblast

A

MK I

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39
Q

Terminal

promegakaryocyte

A

MK II

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40
Q

Terminal

megakaryocyte

A

MK III

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41
Q

Terminal

platelets

A

none

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42
Q

megakaryocytopoiesis stage:

first recognizable stage in megakaryocytic series

A

megakaryoblast

43
Q

megakaryocytopoiesis stage:

with HORSE-SHOE shaped nucleus

A

promegakaryocyte

44
Q

megakaryocytopoiesis stage:

platelet shedding; largest cell in the BM

A

mature megakaryocyte

45
Q

megakaryocytopoiesis stage:

Demarcation membrane system develops

A

MK 1 (rodaks), MK2/promegakaryocyte (steininger, mckenzie)

46
Q

internal membrane system of channels derived by invagination of the megakaryocyte’s outer membrane

A

demarcation membrane system

47
Q
  • are believed to pierce through or between sinusoid-lining endothelial cells, etend into the venous blood and shed platelets
A

proplatelet processes

48
Q

fourth stage of magakaryocyte maturation

A

metamegakaryocyte

49
Q

was previosluy reffered to as megakaryocyte stage with platelet shedding

A

megakaryocyte

50
Q

biconvex, disc-shaped, ANUCLEATE cell fragments with smooth surfaces

A

platelets/thrombocytes

51
Q

tends to ‘ROUND UP’ in an EDTA

A

platelets/thrombocytes

52
Q

size:1-4um
irregular, lavander and granular on wright stained smear

A

platelets/thrombocytes

53
Q

platelets/thrombocytes

sytoplasmic parts: granular and located centrally

A

chromomere

54
Q

platelets/thrombocytes

sytoplasmic parts: surrounds the chromomere, nongranular and clear to light blue

55
Q

appear in compensation for thrombocytopenia

A

reticulated platelets/ stress platelets

56
Q

larger (6um) than ordinary, potentially PROTHROMBOTIC associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease

A

reticulated platelets/ stress platelts

57
Q

platelets in

-: round up

58
Q

platelets in

-: cylindrical and beaded resembling fragment of megakaryocyte

59
Q

platelet life span

A

7-10 days (rodals)

9-12 days

60
Q

circulating platelets are distributed between the (2)

A

spleen and blood

61
Q

circulating platelets

= in the spleen

62
Q

circulating platelets

=peripheral blood

63
Q

platelet count is - in px without a spleen

64
Q

platelet count is - in px with splenomegaly

65
Q

platelets are removed by - in the liver and spleen

A

macrophage

66
Q

platelets are removed by macrophage. platelet turnover rate is - each day

67
Q

perfom surveillance of blood vessel continuity, aid in healing injured tissue

68
Q

platelet function: -

platelet-platelet interaction

A

primary hemostatic plug

69
Q

platelet function: -

platelet-coagulation protein interaction

A

secondary hemostatic plug

70
Q

composed of:
60% protein
30% lipid
8% carbohydrate

71
Q

platelet structure: divided anatmoically into 4 areas

A
  1. peripheral zone
  2. sol-gel zone
  3. organelle zone
  4. membranous system
72
Q

platelet structure: -

composed of membranes and responsible for PLATELET ADHESION AND AGGREGATION

A

peripheral zone

73
Q

platelet structure: peripheral zone includes

A
  1. glycocalyx/surface coat
  2. plasma membrane
  3. submembranous area
74
Q

platelet structure: peripheral zone

outer surface composed of coagulation factors V, VIII and fibrinogen (58F)

A

glycocalyx/surface coat

75
Q

platelet structure: peripheral zone

important in platelet reaction with thrombin, VWF and fibrinogen

A

glycocalyx/surface coat

76
Q

platelet structure: peripheral zone

provides surface for coagulation factors I,V,VIII, X, XI, XII, XIII (1,5,8,10,11,12,13)

A

glycocalyx/surface coat

77
Q

platelet structure: peripheral zone

lies directly beneath the glycocalyx and is composed of phospholipid bilayer with integral proteins imbedded

A

plasma membrane

78
Q

platelet structure: peripheral zone

consists of 30 or more glycoproteins, phopholipids, and platelet VIII:vWF

A

plasma membrane

79
Q

platelet structure: peripheral zone

messages from external membrane are translated into chemical signals causing activation and a physical change in the platelet

A

submembranous area

80
Q

platelet structure: peripheral zone

glycoprotein receptors
receptor for VWF

A

glycoprotein Ib

81
Q

platelet structure: peripheral zone

glycoprotein receptors
noncovalently associated with GPIX and GPV in the membrane (2:2:1 ratio)

A

glycoprotein Ib

82
Q

platelet structure: peripheral zone

glycoprotein receptors
aka CD42

A

glycoprotein Ib

83
Q

platelet structure: peripheral zone

glycoprotein receptors
receptor for fibrinogen

A

glycoprotein IIb/IIIa

84
Q

platelet structure: peripheral zone

glycoprotein receptors
integrin CD41/CD61

A

glycoprotein IIb,IIIa

85
Q

platelet structure: peripheral zone

glycoprotein receptors
receptor for thrombin

A

glycoprotein V

86
Q

platelet structure: -

lies directly beneath the platelet membrane and provides cytoskeleton to maintain platelet shape and contractile system

A

sol-gel zone/structural zone

87
Q

platelet structure: sol-gel zone/structural zone

contains 2 structures

A

microfilaments, microtubules

88
Q

platelet structure: sol-gel zone/structural zone

forms ACTOMYSIN or THROMBOSTHENIN upon platelet activation

A

actin and myosin

89
Q

platelet structure: sol-gel zone/structural zone

responsible for CLOT RETRACTION
15% of all proteins in platelets

A

actin and myosin

90
Q

platelet structure: sol-gel zone/structural zone

maintains platelet’s DISC SHAPE

91
Q

platelet structure: organelle zone

  • granules: calcium, ADP, ATP, Serotonin/5-hydroxytryptamine, magnesium, pyrophosphate
A

dense granules

92
Q

platelet structure: organelle zone

for ATP synthesis for platelet metabolism

A

mitochondria

93
Q

platelet structure: membranous system

2 systems

A
  1. dense tubular system
  2. open canalicular system
94
Q

platelet structure: membranous system

serves as the site of ARACHIDONIC ACID metabolism

A

dense tubular system

95
Q

platelet structure: membranous system

derived from smooth ER
holds CALCIUM-SEUQESTERING PUMP for platelet activation processes

A

dense tubular system

96
Q

platelet structure: membranous system

‘CONTROL CENTER’ for platelet activation
contains enzymes that support PROSTAGLANDIN synthesis

A

dense tubular system

97
Q

platelet structure: membranous system

production of TXA2 (eicosanoid synthesis pathway)

A

dense tubular system

98
Q

platelet structure: membranous system

production of INOSITOL TRUPHOSPHATE/IP3 and diacylglycerol/DAG

A

dense tubular system

99
Q

platelet structure: membranous system

TXA2/EICOSANOID SYNTHESIS PATHWAY uses enzymes

A
  1. phospholipase A2
  2. cyclooxygenase
  3. thromboxane synthetase
100
Q

platelet structure: membranous system

IP3 and DAG eznyme

A

phospholipase C

101
Q

platelet structure: membranous system

RELEASE OF GRANULES

A

open canalicular system/surface connecting system

102
Q

platelet structure: membranous system

invagination of the plasma membrane

A

open canalicular system/surface connecting system

103
Q

platelet structure: membranous system

provides direct communication between intracellular and extracellular compartments

A

open canalicular system/surface connecting system

MTAP 2nd Semester (9 decks)

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