MTAP Flashcards
Specimen collection should be obtained during
Acute phase of infection (within 2-3 days for viruses).
Specimen collection should be collected before administration of
Antibiotics
For anaerobes, the preferred swab is
Aspirates
Specimens should be transported to the laboratory within
30mins -2 hours
The most temperature-sensitive bacteria is
Neisseria meningitidis
The most pH-sensitive bacteria is
Shigella
It is a transport medium that is used for both viral and bacterial transportation
Stuart transport medium
What are the examples of transport medium
Cary-Blair
Amies
Stuart
The examples of transport medium for virus
Earl’s transport medium
Hank’s transport medium
Viruses, Chlamydia, and Mycoplasma should be stored at what temperature
4 degree celcius
Improper swab for Viruses and Chlamydia
Calcium alginate
It is a swab that is not appropriate for Chlamydia
Wood swab
It is a swab that is not appropriate for Neisseria, Bordetella, and other Obligate Anaerobes
Cotton swabs
Cotton swab is not appropriate for
Neisseria
Bordetella
and other Obligate Anaerobes
What is the growth inhibitor of cotton swab
Fatty acids
A preservative that is not used for bacterial examination but for ova & parasite examination
Formalin
Polyvinyl Alcohol
A ranking a microorganism’s ability to cause injury through disease
Risk groups
The agents not associated with disease in healthy adult humans.
Risk Group 1
What BSC is used for Risk Group 1
Biosafety Cabinet Class 1
The agents associated with human disease that is rarely serious and for which preventive or therapeutic interventions are often available.
Risk Group 2
What BSC is used for Risk Group 2
Biosafety Cabinet Class 2
It is the most commonly used BSC
Biosafety Cabinet Class 2
The agents associated with serious or lethal human diseases for which preventive or therapeutic interventions may be available (high individual risk but low community risk)
Risk Group 3
What BSC is used for Risk Group 3
Biosafety Cabinet Class 3
The agents likely to cause serious or lethal human diseases for which preventive or therapeutic interventions are not usually available (high individual risk and high community risk).
Risk Group 4
What BSC is used for Risk Group 4
Biosafety Cabinet Class 3
Risk Group 4 examples of pathogens
Ebola virus
Monkeypox virus
HEPA exhaust system that removes
particles equal to, or greater than to
0.3 microns
A hood with high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters that provide personnel, environmental, and/or product protection when appropriate practices and procedures are followed.
HEPA filter
HEPA efficiency is
99.97%
Homogenization means
grinding or mincing of tissue specimen
Example of Solid Media
Blood Agar Plate
It is a medium for the culture of Salmonella
Selenite broth
Example of Liquid Media
Nutrient broth
Selenite broth
Example of Semi-solid media
Sulfide Indole Motility (SIM) Media
Examples of Basic Media
Nutrient broth
Nutrient agar
Saboraud’s broth (fungi; dextrose
agar)
- All-purpose medium
- Almost all organism can be cultured
Basic Media
Examples of Enriched Media
Blood Agar Plate
Chocolate Agar Plate
It is also known Nutritive Medium
Enriched Media
Used to support the growth of fastidious organism
Enriched Media
Organisms that grow on Enriched media
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Neisseria meningitidis
Haemophilus influenzae
A type of culture medium that allows the growth of specific organisms while inhibiting growth of others
Selective culture medium
What is the inhibitor of MacConkey Agar
Crystal violet
Bile Salts
A culture medium the same as enriched media but different in consistency
Enrichment media
Enrichment media example
Selenite broth
A culture medium that differentiates organisms based on their appearance
Differential culture medium
It shows partial hemolysis
Alpha hemolysis
Alpha hemolysis shows
partial hemolysis (greenish)
It shows complete hemolysis (clear/colorless)
Beta hemolysis
It shows no hemolysis
Gamma hemolysis
What is an example of anaerobic medium
Thioglycollate
Anaerobic medium is also known as
Reduced medium
- more commonly known as LJ medium
- growth medium specially used for culture of Mycobacterium species, notably
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Lowenstein-Jensen medium
General-purpose media that are commonly used for fungal culture are
Sabouraud dextrose (SDA)
Malt extract
Brain Heart Infusion (BHI)
It is used for systemic fungi culture medium
Brain Heart Infusion (BHI)
What is added to prevent contamination of the medium by bacteria
Chloramphenicol
What is the temperature range for the culture of fungi
28-30 degree celcius
What is the temperature range for the culture of most the bacteria, viruses, and acid-fast bacillus
35-37 degree celcius
Contents of culture media for aerobic microorganisms
21% Oxygen
0.03% Carbon dioxide
Contents of culture media for anaerobic microorganisms
5-10% Hydrogen
5-10% Carbon dioxide
80-90% Nitrogen
0% Oxygen
what is the duration of incubation?
16-24 hours
What is the steps of gram staining
Crystal violet
Iodine
Acetone alcohol
Safranin
What are the examples of stains?
Gram stain
Acid-fast stain
Modified acid-fast stain
Acridine orange
KOH and calcofluor-white
Is a distribution of bacterial cells on a slide for the purpose of viewing them under the microscope.
Smear
Prolonged heat fixation causes what
Vacuolation
The inventor of gram-stain
Hans Christian Gram
What is the color of gram-positive bacteria
violet blue
What is the color of gram-negative bacteria
red/pink
What is the color of acid-fast organism
red/pink
What is the color of non-acid-fast organism
blue/violet
What is the hot method of acid-fast stain
Ziehl Neelsen method
What is the cold method of acid-fast stain
Kinyoun Method
What is the primary stain of acid-fast stain
Carbolfuchsin
What is the counter stain of acid-fast stain
Methylene blue/Malachite green
What is the remarks of AFB grading of 0
No AFB seen in 300 OIO field
What is the remarks of AFB grading of +n
1-9 AFB seen in 100 OIO field
What is the remarks of AFB grading of +1
10-99 AFB seen in 100 OIO field
What is the remarks of AFB grading of +2
1-10 AFB seen in 50 OIO field
Is a method of staining acid-fast microorganisms, specifically
Mycobacterium and Nocardia and cryptosporidium oocyst.
Kinyoun method
What is the remarks of AFB grading of +3
> 10 AFB seen in 20 OIO field
Kinyoun method is used to detect what microorganisms
Mycobacterium
Nocardia
Cryptosporidium oocyst
What is the mordant used in Kinyoun method
Tergitol
It is an inexpensive fungal test to differentiate dermatophytes and Candida albicans symptoms from other skin disorders like psoriasis and eczema.
KOH wet mount preparation
KOH wet mount preparation is used to differentiate what fungi
Dermatophytes and Candida albicans
What is the content of KOH preparation
10g = KOH
10ml = Glycerin
80ml = Distilled water
What is the used of KOH in KOH wet mount preparation
To clear the sample
What is the term of fungal nail infection
Onicomycosis
What is required in KOH prep with calcofluor white
Fluorescent microscope
What color is produced in KOH prep with calcofluor white
Chalk white
Brilliant apple green
It is a dye that intercalates or binds with the nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) present in organisms and fluoresce to emit various colors that help differentiate cellular organelles.
Acridine orange
What is emitted when acridine orange is bounded to dsDNA
Green fluorescence
What is emitted when acridine orange is bounded to ssDNA or RNA
Red fluorescence
What is emitted when acridine orange bound to bacteria and yeast
bright orange
What is emitted when acridine orange is bound to Trichomonas vaginalis
Orange or Red with yellow-green nucleus
The family of micrococci includes
Staphylococci
MIcrococci
Stomatococcus (animals)
Planococcus (animals)
It can be visualized on acridine orange staining
Mycoplasma
Ureaplasma
What is the arrangement of Micrococci
Tetrads
Sarcina
What is the alternative for 5% sheep blood agar
Horse’s blood
Rabbit’s blood
It is a small zone of alpha hemolysis surrounded by a zone of beta hemolysis after refrigeration
Alpha prime hemolysis
It is an enzyme that causes intravascular hemolysis
hemolysins
The purpose of this media is an enrichment of the pigment production of Staphylococcus
Loeffler’s Serum Slant
What is the pigment of S. aureus
Golden-yellow pigment
What is the pigment of S. citreus
Lemon-yellow pigment
What is the pigment of S. albus
Porcelain-white pigment
Specific for S. aureus and Differential
Mannitol Salt Agar
What is the carbohydrate of MSA
Mannitol
What is indicator of MSA
Phenol Red
Inhibitor of MSA
7.5% NaCl
Give the example of CoNS
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Classic test that Differentiates Staphylococcus and Streptococcus
Catalase test
Catalase test reagent
3% H2O2
The positive result of Catalase test
bubbling formation
effervescence
gas bubbles
Catalase test positive organism
Staphylococcus
Micrococcus
On acridine orange stain, Human epithelial and inflammatory cells and tissue debris appear
pale green to yellow.
Reagent of Modified Oxidase Test/Microdase Test
1%tetramethylparaphenylenediaminedihydrochloride in dimethylsulfoxide
(DMSO)
Indicator of microdase test
Bromthymol blue
A bacteria is positive in microdase test
Micrococcus luteus
Most definitive test/determinant to S. aureus (+)
Coagulase test
It detects cell bounded coagulase/clumping factor
Slide coagulase test (screening)
It detects free coagulase
Tube coagulase test (confirmatory)
Enzyme that can possibly dissolve clot
Fibrinolysin / Staphylokinase
cell wall, anti-phagocytic, virulence factor of S. aureus
Protein A
1 wound infection
#1 osteomyelitis (septic arthritis)
S. aureus
S. aureus is resistant to what antibiotics
Beta-lactam (CEFOXITIN)
Treatment for MRSA
Vancomycin
Detects DNase (deoxyribonuclease)
DNase test
It degrades DNA
DNase
What are the DNase positive bacteria
Serratia marcescence
Moraxella catarrhalis
Aeromonas
Streptococcus pyogenes
Helicobacter pylori
Vibrio cholerae
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
Staphylococcus aureus
Differentiates: (CoNs) Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus; Identification of
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Novobiocin Test (5ug)
A bacteria that causes endocarditis (associated with Prosthetic Heart Valve Surgery infection)
Staphylococcus epidermidis
A bacteria that is considered as blood culture contaminant
Staphylococcus epidermidis
A bacteria that causes UTI in young women
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Novobiocin zone mm for resistant
less than 16 mm
A test that detects specific antigens of S. pneumoniae, N. meningitidis, N. gonorrheoae and
H. influenzae
Staph A Coagglutination Test
Staph A Coagglutination Test positive bacterias
S. pneumoniae
N. meningitidis
N. gonorrheoae
H. influenzae
It inhibits phagocytosis
protein A
it destroys stratum granulosum of skin (SSS - Scalded Skin Syndrome)
exfoliatin
white “pinpoint” colonies on SBA
Streptococci
selective medium for streptococci
Phenyl Ethyl Alcohol Agar (PEA)
medium of choice for streptococci
SBA
It is based on the antigens (polysaccharides or carbohydrates) present on the surface of their cell wall (A, B, C, D)
Lancefield frouping
it is based on hemolytic reactions (a,b, y)
Smith and Brown’s grouping
A classification of streptococci based on temperature
Bergey’s grouping
cell wall, anti-phagocytic, virulence factor of Streptococcus pyogenes (group A)
M-protein
O2 labile, Antigenic, anerobic, lytic
Streptolysin O
O2 stable, Non-antigenic
Streptolysin S
Result of Streptococcus pyogenes on Bacitracin test
Susceptible (+)
What toxin that causes scarlet fever
Erythrogenic toxin
The leading cause of flesh-eating bacteria (necrotizing fasciitis)
Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A)
Disease-associated of Streptococcus pyogenes (group A) infection
Rheumatic Heart Disease/ Rheumatic Fever
Acute Glomerulonephritis (AGN)
The bacteria that is common in mother-baby transmission
Streptococcus agalactiae (group B)
Streptococcus agalactiae is the #1 cause of
Neonatal meningitis
It differentiates Group D from other Streptococcus; presumptive test for Group D
Bile Esculin Hydrolysis Test
The indicator of Bile Esculin Hydrolysis Test
Ferric ammonium citrate
The medium of Bile Esculin Agar (BEA) composition
40% bile and Esculin
What is the positive control of Bile Esculin Hydrolysis Test
Enterococcus faecalis
(+) result of CAMP Test
Arrow-head zone of β-hemolysis
Bacteria that are CAMP test (+)
Streptococcus agalactiae
Listeria monocytogenes
Helicobacter pylori
what is the indicator of Sodium-Hippurate Hydrolysis Test
Ninhydrin reagent
- Best test to identify S. pyogenes
- Test to differentiate Group A from Group B Streptococcus
Bacitracin Susceptibility Test (Taxo A)
What group is susceptible (+) to bacitracin
Group A
What group is susceptible (+) Sulfamethoxazole
Group C, F and G
What bacteria has capsule as virulence factor
Streptococcus pneumoniae
causative agent of Lobar pneumonia / pneumococcal pneumonia / Diplococcus
pneumonia (#1 community acquired pneumonia in the Philippines)
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the #1 causative agent of
adult bacterial meningitis
otitis media
Streptococcus pneumoniae causes
Meningitis
Otitis media
Pneumonia
Sinusitis
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the normal flora of
nasopharynx
oropharynx
It causes Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis (SBE)
Viridans
Bacteria that causes dental plaques/caries
Streptococcus mutans
An antibiotic that is used to identify S. pneumoniae
Optochin Disk Test (Taxo P)
Optochin Disk Test (Taxo P) zone of inhibition
> 14 mm
Detects pneumococcal antibody; skin test for S. pneumoniae infection
Francis test
Detects erythrogenic antigen; skin test for S. pyogenes infection;
Dick’s test
A skin test and immunity test for scarlet fever that uses antitoxin to the
erythrogenic toxin of S. pyogenes subcutaneously;
Schultz-Charlton Test
A positive result on Schultz-Charlton Test
Blanching (rash fade)
A positive result on Dick’s test
Redness
Neisseria spp. are catalase positive except
Neisseria elongata
Neisseria spp. on superoxol test
Positive
Transport system for Neisseria
JEMBEC system
Pigmented Neisseria
Neisseria subflava
Neisseria flavescens
How many percent of carbon dioxide Neisseria spp. needs
5-10% CO2
It is presumptive (screening) test for gram negative cocci
Oxidase test/Taxo N
Reagent of Superoxol Catalase Test
30%H2O2
What is the virulence factor of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Pili
also known as super bug
(PPNG) penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrheoa
Neisseria meningitidis virulence factor
Capsule
Endotoxin
What are the serotypes of N. meningitidis
A
B
C
Y
W135
Meningococcemia can lead to
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Causative agent of Waterhouse- Friderichsen Syndrome
N. meningitidis
It is the disease of the adrenal gland caused by N. meningitidis
Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome
A bacteria with former names: Neisseria catarrhalis or Branhamella catarrhalis
Moraxella catarrhalis
- It is Tributyrin Hydrolysis (Butyrate Esterase Disc Test) = (+)
- Assacharolytic – most of sugars; cannot ferment
Moraxella catarrhalis
The #3 most causative agent of otitis media
Moraxella catarrhalis
Moraxella catarrhalis culture media
Cysteine Trypticase Agar (CTA)
What is the indicator of Cysteine Trypticase Agar (CTA)
Phenol red
Thayer-Martin Agar (TMA) composition
CAP with
Vancomycin
Colistin
Nystatin
Modified TMA composition
CAP with
Vancomycin
Colistin
Nystatin
Trimethoprim
NYC Agar composition
CAP with
Vancomycin
Colistin
Amphotericin B
Trimethoprim
Martin-Lewis Agar composition
CAP with
Vancomycin
Colistin
Anisomycin
Trimethoprim
what is the #1 blood culture contaminant
Propionibacterium acnes (Cutibacterium acnes)
Causative agent of bacterial vaginitis
Mobiluncus
Garnerella vaginalis
A bacteria with horse manure odor
C. difficile
A bacteria with breadcrumb colony
Fusobacterium nucleatum
A bacteria with Molar tooth colonies,
sulfur granules
Actinomyces israelli
A bacteria that causes pitting agar
Bacteroides ureolyticus
All Enterobacteriaceae are motile except
Klebsiella
Shigella
All Enterobacteriaceae are catalase-positive except
Shigella dysenteriae
All Enterobacteriaceae are oxidase-negative except
Vibrio
Pleisiomonas
Aeromonas
All Enterobacteriaceae are nitrate-positive except
Erwinia
Pantoea agglomerans
Enterobacteriaceae that are H2S producers
Salmonella
Proteus
Arizona
Citrobacter freundii
Edwardsiella
Bacteria that are Rapid Urease
Proteus
Providencia
Morganella
Rapid urease reacts within
2 hours
Bacteria that are Slow urease
Citrobacter
Klebsiella
Enterobacter
Yersinia
Serratia
rapid test to detect β-galactosidase
ONPG test
Bacteria that are Late lactose fermenters
Salmonella arizonae
Shigella sonnei
Hafnia
Yersinia
Citrobacter
Serratia
1 cause of UTI
Escherichia coli
2 cause of meningitis in infant
Escherichia coli K2
Causative agent of Montezuma revenge (Turista or Traveller’s diarrhea)
causes “Childhood diarrhea”
ETEC
causes dysentery – painful passage of stool
Causes Shigella-like infection or diarrhea (invasin)
EIEC
Other name: VTEC - Verotoxin Escherichia coli
EHEC
Most virulent strains of E.coli
O157:H7
source of OX2 and OX19
Proteus vulgaris
source of OXK
Proteus mirabilis
can be isolated from cold and warm blooded animals (tilapia)
Edwardsiella tarda
Yersinia pestis vector
Xenopsylla cheopsis (rat flea)
Yersinia pestis inclusion bodies
bipolar bodies (safety pin appearance)
Yersinia pestis stain
Wayson
1 blood bag contaminant
causes zoonotic infections through ingestion of unpasteurized milk
Yersinia enterocolitica
Yersinia enterocolitica appearance
bull’s eye appearance/colony
1 ICU (Intensive Care Unit) isolate
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the causative agent of
Whirlpool dermatitis / “Jacuzzi” Hot Tub Syndrome
Causative agent of “Vietnamese Time Bomb Disease”
Burkholderia pseudomallei
A bacteria with common name of Pfieffer’s Bacillus
Haemophilus influenzae
A bacteria with Seagull wings appearance
Campylobacter
Causative agent of chancroid or soft chancre
Haemophilus ducreyi
