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HK 191 > MT2 Chap 17 - Blood and Blood vessels > Flashcards

MT2 Chap 17 - Blood and Blood vessels Flashcards

1
Q

overall goal of the system is

A

to transport O2 and nutrients to tissues of body, and remove CO2 and metabolic wastes from body

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2
Q

Arteries

A

move blood away from heart

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3
Q

Veins

A

move blood to heart

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4
Q

Capillaries

A

allow for transport of gases and nutrients into and out of the blood

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5
Q

Function of Cardiovascular System

A
  • Transports
  • Regulates pH and ions [ ]
  • Restriction of fluid loss
  • Defence against toxins and pathogens
  • Stabilization of body temp
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6
Q

Total fluid is what % of body weight

A

60%

  • 40% of intracellular fluid: fluid inside cells
  • 20% extracellular fluid: fluid outside cells
  • —80% Interstitial fluid: water surrounding cells
  • —20% plasma: water in blood stream
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7
Q

55% of blood is

A

plasma

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8
Q

blood plasma contains and doesn’t contain ….

A
  • Contains: dissolved protein (involved in transport and clotting), dissolved gases, electrolytes and organic nutrients.
  • Does not contain: collagen and elastin
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9
Q

Leukocytes = WBCs involved in

A

immune response

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10
Q

Albumin

A

60% of plasma protein

-transporting lipid

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11
Q

Globulins

A
  • 35% of plasma proteins

- includes antibodies and transport globulins produced in the liver

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12
Q

Antibodies

A

-specialized proteins involved in immunity

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13
Q

Fibrinogen and Prothrombin

A
  • 4% of plasma protein
  • produced in liver
  • involved in blood clotting
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14
Q

Lipoproteins

A
  • produced in liver

- involved in transporting triglycerides and cholesterol

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15
Q

Hormones and enzymes

A

specialized functions

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16
Q

Source of most plasma proteins

A

liver

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17
Q

Small amounts of ____ & ___ are dissolved in blood

A

oxygen and CO2

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18
Q

What plays a more important role in gas transport?

A

RBC and bicarbonate

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19
Q

Monosaccharides, amino acids, a water soluble vitamins are ….

A

nutrients

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20
Q

lactate breaks down products from

A

glucose

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21
Q

urea breaks down products from

A

protein

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22
Q

uric acid breaks down products from

A

DNA/ RNA

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23
Q

Creatinine breaks down products from

A

Creatine phosphate

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24
Q

Bilirubin breaks down products from

A

hemoglobin

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25
Q

Hematocrit

A

% by volume of blood that is formed elements

  • Male 46%
  • Female 42%
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26
Q

Erythrocytes

Structure :

A
  • no nucleus

- full of hemoglobin

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27
Q

Erythrocyte production requires

A

folic acid and vitamin b12

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28
Q

Erythrocytes function:

A

transport O2 and CO2

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29
Q

Erythrocytes significance of shape

A
  • large SA
  • form stacks
  • Bend and flex
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30
Q

Neutrophils

A

most abundant phagocyte in blood

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31
Q

Eosinophils

A

destroy parasitic worms

32
Q

Basophils

A

release histamine and heparin

33
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • involved in antibody production
  • WBCs
  • HAVE nucleus
  • function: defense
34
Q

Monocytes

A

can leave blood stream and differentiate into Macrophages

35
Q

platelets

A
  • Anuclear (w/o nucleus)
  • involved in blood clotting
  • formed from larger Megakaryocytes
  • 2/3 circulating
  • 1/3 in spleen
36
Q

All blood cells are formed in ___ from a common blood stem cell, ____

A

bone marrow,

hemocytoblast

37
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

formed elements of blood develop

38
Q

Rate of erythropoiesis is measured by

A

the # of immature RBCs in the peripheral circulation

39
Q

reticulocytes or retics

A

immature RBCs

40
Q

normal range is 1-2% of RBCs being

A

retics

41
Q

what % of blood is RBCs

A

45%

42
Q

During differentiation RBCs synthesize large amounts of the protein ____. Once hemoglobin production is complete, the RBCs ___ ___ ___ and organelles

A

Hemoglobin

eject their nucleus

43
Q

once differentiated, RBC cannot

A

replicate, synthesize protein or produce ATP

44
Q

Anemia is a condition of

A

insufficient RBCs or hemoglobin

45
Q

Polycythemia is a condition of

A

excess number of RBCs

46
Q

Hemorrhagic Anemia is the result of

A

precipitous blood loss

47
Q

RBC production is controlled by

A

O2 saturation in blood

48
Q

RBC production requires

A

Fe, Protein, vitamins B12 and folic acid

49
Q

WBC location

A
  • Most: in connective tissue or organs in lymphoid system (thymus, spleen, lymph nodes)
  • Small portion: circulate blood stream
50
Q

What differentiates the 2 groups of WBC?

A

whether they contain conspicuous chemical-filled cytoplasmic granules (when stained)

51
Q

WBC type: Granulocytes

A

include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

52
Q

WBC type: Agranulocytes

A

are the monocytes and lymphocytes

53
Q

Special properties of circulating WBCs

A
  • Diapedesis: process of squeezing out of capillaries and entering tissue
  • Amoeboid movement
  • Positive chemotaxis
  • Phagocytosis
54
Q

Chemicals released by microbes and inflamed tissues attract phagocytes, a phenomenon called

A

chemotaxis

55
Q

3 stages to hemostasis

A
  1. vascular spasms
  2. Platelet Plug formation
  3. Coagulation
56
Q

Vascular Spasm phase

A

minimize blood loss while next steps take place

57
Q

Platelet phase

A
  • platelets stick to endothelial cells and exposed collagen fibres
  • becomes a plug and releases chemical messengers
58
Q

Coagulation

A

blood clotting

59
Q

2 stages of recovery

A
  1. Clot retraction

2. Fibrinolysis

60
Q

Clot retraction

A
  • occurs once platelets and RBCs entangled in fibrin mesh

- platelets contract by pulling torn edges of vessel closer together, reducing the size of damaged area

61
Q

Fibrinolysis

A
  • as repairs take place, clot dissolves

- as enzyme plasmin digests fibrin

62
Q

Systemic Circulation

A
  • supplies tissues with nutrient and oxygen-rich blood
  • begins in left ventricle and pumped out of aorta
  • Deoxygenated blood returns to right atrium via superior and inferior vena cava
63
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A
  • Deoxygenated blood pumped by right ventricle through pulmonary arteries to capillaries in lungs where its oxygenated
  • Oxygenated blood returns to left atrium through pulmonary veins
64
Q

Cardiac Perfusion

A
  • heart receives its own blood through coronary arteries, which branch off aorta
  • heart only receives blood during relaxation
65
Q

3 layer of blood vessels (3 tunics)

A
  • Tunica Intima (only in arteries)
  • Tunica Media
  • Tunica Externa
66
Q

Tunica Intima

A
  • one layer of endothelial cells

- reduces friction btwn the vessel walls and blood

67
Q

Tunica Media

A
  • made of smooth muscle and elastic tissue

- controls vasoconstriction and vasodilation

68
Q

Tunica Externa

A
  • composed of collagen

- protects, reinforces and anchors the vessel

69
Q

Elastic arteries

A
  • largest arteries
  • aorta and pulmonary trunk
  • transports large volumes
70
Q

Muscular Arteries

A

-carries blood to skeletal muscle and organs

71
Q

Arterioles

A

-branch within organs

72
Q

Function of Arterioles

A
  • control local distribution of blood to capillary beds

- Help regulate BP

73
Q

Capillaries

A
  • consists of endothelial tube inside a delicate basal lamina
  • 2 way exchange
74
Q

Vasomotion

A

constriction/ dilation of precapillary sphincter

75
Q

Factors influencing flow through veins

A
  • low pressure in right atria
  • gravity
  • Sympathetic Input
  • “Muscular Pump”
  • Respiratory pump

HK 191 (6 decks)

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