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HK 191 > Chap 13 > Flashcards

Chap 13 Flashcards

1
Q

The major parts of the adult brain are directly derived from the embryonic

A

brain vesicles

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2
Q

At birth, the neonatal brain looks very much like an ____ and almost all the neurons the brain will ever have is _____ _____

A

adult, already present

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3
Q

What 4 structures is the adult brain divided in and average weight

A

-Cerebrum
-Diencephalon
-Cerebellum
-Brainstem
~3 lbs

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4
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • responsible for higher functions

- divided into left and right hemispheres

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5
Q

Diencephalon

A

consists of thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, and pituitary gland

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6
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • body movements
  • maintain balance
  • divided into hemispheres
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7
Q

Brainstem

A
  • consists of midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

- involved in autonomic functions

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8
Q

Surface of cerebrum consists of

A

gyri and sulci,

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9
Q

deeper sulci called:

A

fissures

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10
Q

Cerebrum divided into lobes

A
  • Frontal
  • Parietal
  • Occipital
  • Temporal
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11
Q

Cortex of cerebrum is made of ____ ____, the deeper layer is called ____ ____

A

gray matter, white matter

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12
Q

Gray matter is made of

A

neural cell bodies

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13
Q

White matter is made of

A

myelinated axons

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14
Q

Basal Nuclei are clusters of

A

gray matter that lie in deeper regions of brain

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15
Q

Large hollow chambers that are formed in the cerebrum during embryonic development

A

Lateral ventricles

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16
Q

Lateral ventricles are connected via the

A

interventricular foramen to the 3rd ventricle

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17
Q

4th ventricle is located posterior to brainstem and Is connected to the 3rd ventricle by

A

Cerebral Aqueduct

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18
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

fills ventricles

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19
Q

Ependymal cells

A

line ventricles

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20
Q

Brain is protected in which 3 ways

A
  • the bony cranium
  • the meninges
  • cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)
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21
Q

Meninges

A

the dense irregular connective tissue coverings of the brain and spinal cord

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22
Q

Cranial Meninges consist of 3 layers

A
  • Dura mater
  • Arachnoid mater
  • Pia mater
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23
Q

Bone surrounded by

A

periosteum

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24
Q

Cranial dura mater has what 2 layers

A
  • external periosteal layer

- internal meningeal layer

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25
Q

Biochemical protection of brain

A
  • blood brain barrier

- cerebrospinal fluid

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26
Q

several mechanisms that isolate CNS from general circulation

A

blood brain barrier

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27
Q

cranial meninges are continuus with those of

A

spinal cord

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28
Q

Dura mater

A

2 layers- both are fibrous

  • outer – fused to periosteum
  • inner – meningeal layer
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29
Q

large venous sinuses

A

dural sinuses

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30
Q

venous sinuses, tissue fluids, blood vessels, dural sinuses are found btwn

A

layers of dura mater

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31
Q

Layer of epithelium with web like extensions to pia mater

A

Arachnoid mater

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32
Q

Subarachnoid space filled with

A

CSF (cerebral spinal fluid)

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33
Q

Covers entire surface following folds

A

Pia mater

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34
Q

Sheets of dura mater that dip into deep folds of brain and return to surface

A

dural folds

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35
Q

Whats located in dural folds

A

dural sinuses

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36
Q

in the longitudinal fissure btwn 2 hemispheres of cerebrum

A

falx cerebri

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37
Q

btwn cerebrum and cerebellum

A

tentorium cerebelli

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38
Q

btwn 2 hemispheres of cerebellum

A

falx cerebelli

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39
Q

holds brain in position “seat belt”

A

dural folds

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40
Q

floats brain

A

cerebrospinal fluid

41
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid location

A
  • 4 ventricles
  • subarachnoid space
  • central canal
42
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid functions

A
  • Cushions
  • supports
  • transports
43
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by

A

choroid plexuses

44
Q

choroid plexuses

A

capillaries surrounded by specialized ependymal cells

45
Q

CFS is low in

A

protein and K+

46
Q

Proteins, amino acids, waste products, most drugs and K+ are NOT permitted access in the

A

blood-brain barrier

47
Q

Total volume of CSF at any time

48
Q

Pressure remains _____ in the CSF

49
Q

Meningitis

A

inflammation of meninges

50
Q

drainage of CSF through

A

arachnoid granulations

51
Q

vascular endothelium around brain capillaries differs from most other organs of the body in that if forms

A

tight junctions

52
Q

Blood brain barrier function

A

isolate tissue of CNS from general circulation

53
Q

2 hemispheres are separated by the

A

longitudinal fissure

54
Q

basal nuclei are clusters of

A

gray matter

55
Q

Basal nuclei functions

A
  • inhibiting unnecessary movement
  • skeletal muscle tone
  • body positioning
56
Q

Primary Sensory (Somatosensory) Cortex

A
  • parietal lobe

- pressure, pain, and temp

57
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

-voluntary movements

58
Q

Primary Auditory Cortex

A

-cochlear receptors

59
Q

What’s located in the temporal lobes, orbitofrontal cortex, limbic system

A

Olfactory Area

60
Q

Primary Visual Area

A

-occipital lobe

61
Q

Visual Association Area surrounds the ___ ____ ____ and stores info that allows us to ____ _____ _____

A
  • primary visual cortex

- recognize visual information

62
Q

Association Areas

A

interpret incoming sensory info

63
Q

4 integrative areas

A

receive input from many association areas

64
Q

a) Prefrontal cortex

A
  • receives info from associations areas

- interprets info and registers abstract intellect

65
Q

b) General Interpretive Area

A
  • LH only

- interpret what is read and heard

66
Q

c) Speech Center (Broca’s Area)

A
  • regulates breathing and vocalization muscles (required for speech)
  • LH only
67
Q

d) Frontal Eye Field

A
  • RH and LH

- controls learned eye movements

68
Q

Left hemisphere (LH)

A
  • speech
  • interpretive
  • writing
  • analytical tasks
69
Q

Right hemisphere (RH)

A
  • analysis by touch
  • spatial visualization
  • recognizing faces
  • analyzing emotional
  • content of conversations
70
Q

Cerebral white matter provides ____ btwn cortical tracts and ___ ____

A

communication, lower structures

71
Q

Bundles of axons in CNS =

72
Q

Tracts equivalent to nerves in the

73
Q

Association fibres

A

tracts that transfer signals within a hemisphere

74
Q

Commissures

A

tracts that transfer btwn hemispheres

75
Q

Projection fibres

A

tracts send signals to the spinal cord

76
Q

White matter of cerebrum =

77
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

determines intellect, personality, complex learning abilities, and memory

78
Q

3 Parts of Diencephalon

A
  1. Epithalamus
  2. thalamus
  3. Hypothalamus
79
Q

Epithalamus

A
  • contains pineal gland
  • secretes melatonin
  • regulates day-night cycles
80
Q

Thalamus

A

receive and relay sensory info

-known as ‘Gateway to the Cortex’

81
Q

hypothalamus

A
  • coordinates voluntary and autonomic functions
  • coordinates NS and endocrine system
  • produce emotions and behavioural drives
  • regulation of body temp
  • Control of circadian rhythms
82
Q

General function of a brainstem nuclei

A

relay center

83
Q

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

A
  • formed within midbrain, pons, MO
  • stimulate cortex
  • brains overall state of arousal
84
Q

Functions of the limbic system

A
  • establishes emotional states (amygdala)
  • emotional drives (amygdala)
  • memory storage (hippocampus)
85
Q

T or F, Cranial nerves can service both the somatic and autonomic nervous systems

86
Q

I Olfactory

A

sends sensory info from nasal cavity to olfactory bulbs

87
Q

II optic

A

sends visual info to the optic chiasma

88
Q

III Oculomotor

A
  • 4 of 6 eye muscles

- controls pupil contractions

89
Q

IV Trochlear

A

-1 eye muscle

90
Q

V Trigeminal

A

-sensory fibres to face and mouth

91
Q

VI Abducens

A

1 muscle of eye

92
Q

VII facial

A
  • facial expression

- lacrimal and salivary glands

93
Q

VIII Vestibulocochlear

A

sound and balance

94
Q

IX Glossopharyngeal

A

swallow and taste

95
Q

X Vagus

A

heart, lungs, and gut

96
Q

XI Accessory

A

muscles of larynx and pharynx

97
Q

XII Hypoglossal

A

swallowing and speech

98
Q

Cranial nerve functions

A
  • carry sensory info
  • controls muscle
  • provides parasympathetic innervation

HK 191 (6 decks)

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