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HK 191 > Chap 13 > Flashcards

Chap 13 Flashcards

1
Q

The major parts of the adult brain are directly derived from the embryonic

A

brain vesicles

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2
Q

At birth, the neonatal brain looks very much like an ____ and almost all the neurons the brain will ever have is _____ _____

A

adult, already present

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3
Q

What 4 structures is the adult brain divided in and average weight

A

-Cerebrum
-Diencephalon
-Cerebellum
-Brainstem
~3 lbs

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4
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • responsible for higher functions

- divided into left and right hemispheres

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5
Q

Diencephalon

A

consists of thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, and pituitary gland

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6
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • body movements
  • maintain balance
  • divided into hemispheres
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7
Q

Brainstem

A
  • consists of midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

- involved in autonomic functions

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8
Q

Surface of cerebrum consists of

A

gyri and sulci,

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9
Q

deeper sulci called:

A

fissures

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10
Q

Cerebrum divided into lobes

A
  • Frontal
  • Parietal
  • Occipital
  • Temporal
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11
Q

Cortex of cerebrum is made of ____ ____, the deeper layer is called ____ ____

A

gray matter, white matter

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12
Q

Gray matter is made of

A

neural cell bodies

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13
Q

White matter is made of

A

myelinated axons

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14
Q

Basal Nuclei are clusters of

A

gray matter that lie in deeper regions of brain

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15
Q

Large hollow chambers that are formed in the cerebrum during embryonic development

A

Lateral ventricles

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16
Q

Lateral ventricles are connected via the

A

interventricular foramen to the 3rd ventricle

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17
Q

4th ventricle is located posterior to brainstem and Is connected to the 3rd ventricle by

A

Cerebral Aqueduct

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18
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

fills ventricles

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19
Q

Ependymal cells

A

line ventricles

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20
Q

Brain is protected in which 3 ways

A
  • the bony cranium
  • the meninges
  • cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)
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21
Q

Meninges

A

the dense irregular connective tissue coverings of the brain and spinal cord

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22
Q

Cranial Meninges consist of 3 layers

A
  • Dura mater
  • Arachnoid mater
  • Pia mater
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23
Q

Bone surrounded by

A

periosteum

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24
Q

Cranial dura mater has what 2 layers

A
  • external periosteal layer

- internal meningeal layer

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25
Biochemical protection of brain
- blood brain barrier | - cerebrospinal fluid
26
several mechanisms that isolate CNS from general circulation
blood brain barrier
27
cranial meninges are continuus with those of
spinal cord
28
Dura mater
2 layers- both are fibrous - outer -- fused to periosteum - inner -- meningeal layer
29
large venous sinuses
dural sinuses
30
venous sinuses, tissue fluids, blood vessels, dural sinuses are found btwn
layers of dura mater
31
Layer of epithelium with web like extensions to pia mater
Arachnoid mater
32
Subarachnoid space filled with
CSF (cerebral spinal fluid)
33
Covers entire surface following folds
Pia mater
34
Sheets of dura mater that dip into deep folds of brain and return to surface
dural folds
35
Whats located in dural folds
dural sinuses
36
in the longitudinal fissure btwn 2 hemispheres of cerebrum
falx cerebri
37
btwn cerebrum and cerebellum
tentorium cerebelli
38
btwn 2 hemispheres of cerebellum
falx cerebelli
39
holds brain in position "seat belt"
dural folds
40
floats brain
cerebrospinal fluid
41
Cerebrospinal fluid location
- 4 ventricles - subarachnoid space - central canal
42
Cerebrospinal fluid functions
- Cushions - supports - transports
43
Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by
choroid plexuses
44
choroid plexuses
capillaries surrounded by specialized ependymal cells
45
CFS is low in
protein and K+
46
Proteins, amino acids, waste products, most drugs and K+ are NOT permitted access in the
blood-brain barrier
47
Total volume of CSF at any time
150mL
48
Pressure remains _____ in the CSF
constant
49
Meningitis
inflammation of meninges
50
drainage of CSF through
arachnoid granulations
51
vascular endothelium around brain capillaries differs from most other organs of the body in that if forms
tight junctions
52
Blood brain barrier function
isolate tissue of CNS from general circulation
53
2 hemispheres are separated by the
longitudinal fissure
54
basal nuclei are clusters of
gray matter
55
Basal nuclei functions
- inhibiting unnecessary movement - skeletal muscle tone - body positioning
56
Primary Sensory (Somatosensory) Cortex
- parietal lobe | - pressure, pain, and temp
57
Primary motor cortex
-voluntary movements
58
Primary Auditory Cortex
-cochlear receptors
59
What's located in the temporal lobes, orbitofrontal cortex, limbic system
Olfactory Area
60
Primary Visual Area
-occipital lobe
61
Visual Association Area surrounds the ___ ____ ____ and stores info that allows us to ____ _____ _____
- primary visual cortex | - recognize visual information
62
Association Areas
interpret incoming sensory info
63
4 integrative areas
receive input from many association areas
64
a) Prefrontal cortex
- receives info from associations areas | - interprets info and registers abstract intellect
65
b) General Interpretive Area
- LH only | - interpret what is read and heard
66
c) Speech Center (Broca's Area)
- regulates breathing and vocalization muscles (required for speech) - LH only
67
d) Frontal Eye Field
- RH and LH | - controls learned eye movements
68
Left hemisphere (LH)
- speech - interpretive - writing - analytical tasks
69
Right hemisphere (RH)
- analysis by touch - spatial visualization - recognizing faces - analyzing emotional - content of conversations
70
Cerebral white matter provides ____ btwn cortical tracts and ___ ____
communication, lower structures
71
Bundles of axons in CNS =
tracts
72
Tracts equivalent to nerves in the
PNS
73
Association fibres
tracts that transfer signals within a hemisphere
74
Commissures
tracts that transfer btwn hemispheres
75
Projection fibres
tracts send signals to the spinal cord
76
White matter of cerebrum =
tracts
77
Prefrontal Cortex
determines intellect, personality, complex learning abilities, and memory
78
3 Parts of Diencephalon
1. Epithalamus 2. thalamus 3. Hypothalamus
79
Epithalamus
- contains pineal gland - secretes melatonin - regulates day-night cycles
80
Thalamus
receive and relay sensory info | -known as 'Gateway to the Cortex'
81
hypothalamus
- coordinates voluntary and autonomic functions - coordinates NS and endocrine system - produce emotions and behavioural drives - regulation of body temp - Control of circadian rhythms
82
General function of a brainstem nuclei
relay center
83
Reticular Activating System (RAS)
- formed within midbrain, pons, MO - stimulate cortex - brains overall state of arousal
84
Functions of the limbic system
- establishes emotional states (amygdala) - emotional drives (amygdala) - memory storage (hippocampus)
85
T or F, Cranial nerves can service both the somatic and autonomic nervous systems
True
86
I Olfactory
sends sensory info from nasal cavity to olfactory bulbs
87
II optic
sends visual info to the optic chiasma
88
III Oculomotor
- 4 of 6 eye muscles | - controls pupil contractions
89
IV Trochlear
-1 eye muscle
90
V Trigeminal
-sensory fibres to face and mouth
91
VI Abducens
1 muscle of eye
92
VII facial
- facial expression | - lacrimal and salivary glands
93
VIII Vestibulocochlear
sound and balance
94
IX Glossopharyngeal
swallow and taste
95
X Vagus
heart, lungs, and gut
96
XI Accessory
muscles of larynx and pharynx
97
XII Hypoglossal
swallowing and speech
98
Cranial nerve functions
- carry sensory info - controls muscle - provides parasympathetic innervation

HK 191 (6 decks)

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