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HK 191 > Chap 13 pt 2 > Flashcards

Chap 13 pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory Receptors

A

structures that monitor changes in specific variables inside and outside the body

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2
Q

Receptor Specificity

A
  • end of afferent neuron
  • each receptor responds to specific types of stimulus
  • ex .pressure receptors are stimulated by pressure
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3
Q

2 types of senses

A

General and Special

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4
Q

General Senses

A

Temp, pain, touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception (muscle stretch)

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5
Q

General Sense Receptors

A

dendrite ends of afferent sensory neuron

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6
Q

Special Senses

A

Olfactory (smell), vision, gustation (taste), equilibrium (balance), hearing

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7
Q

Detection of stimulus

A

a change in the permeability of the membrane

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8
Q

Graded depolarization/ hyperpolarization

A

receptor potential

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9
Q

Depolarization of sensory neuron

A

generator potential

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10
Q

If stimulus is strong enough, summation of ___ ____ leads to the generation of an _____ _____

A

Graded Potentials, Action potential

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11
Q

Process of translating a stimulus into an action potential

A

transduction

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12
Q

Receptive field

A

area of body monitored by one particular afferent neuron and all its receptors

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13
Q

to generate conscious sensations, sensory info must be transmitted to the

A

cortex

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14
Q

Sensation

A
  • raw experience
  • may be unconscious
  • activity in all sensory neurons
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15
Q

Perception

A
  • conscious awareness of sensation

- activity in cerebral cortex

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16
Q

Labelled line

A

from receptor to specific neurons in cortex

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17
Q

Info about type, strength, duration, and variation of the stimulus is coded by:

A
  • Type of sensory receptor

- rate of action potential

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18
Q

The harder the stimulus the ___ action potential

A

MORE

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19
Q

Tonic receptors

A

always active

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20
Q

Phasic receptors

A
  • not always active

- fire only when stimulated

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21
Q

Reduction in sensitivity of nervous system to constant stimulus

A

adaption

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22
Q

Peripheral Adaption

A

phasic sensory receptors become less responsive

-ex. becoming used to background noise

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23
Q

Central Adaption

A
  • central adaption

- inhibition

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24
Q

Higher centers can ___ receptor sensitivity or ____ transmission

A

increase, facilitate

25
Q

Nociceptors

A

-pain
Where? -walls of blood vessels
Responds to? temps, mechanical damage

26
Q

Thermoreceptors

A
  • dermis
  • info sent along lateral spinothalamic
  • fast adapting
27
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

-Respond to: stimuli that distort cell membrane

28
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

detects changes in pH, O2 and CO2

29
Q

First order neurons

A
  • afferent, sensory neurons

- location: dorsal root

30
Q

Second Order neurons

A
  • interneurons

- location: MO or posterior/ dorsal horn

31
Q

Third order neurons

A

-thalamus

-

32
Q

Sensory pathways can be divided into

A
  • somatic sensory pathways

- visceral sensory pathways

33
Q

Somatic Sensory pathways

A

sensory info from skin, muscles, joints

34
Q

Visceral Sensory pathways

A

sensory info from visceral tissues and organs

35
Q

3 major pathways of somatic sensory pathways

A
  • Posterior column pathway
  • Anterior Spinothalamic pathway/ Lateral Spinothalamic Pathway
  • Spinocerebellar Pathway
36
Q

Posterior Column Pathway

A

PFPV- pressure, fine touch, vibration, proprioception

  • origin of second neuron: MO
  • Ascends: Posterior column
  • Site of decussation: MO
37
Q

Anterior Spinothalamic Pathway

A

CAP- Crude touch And Pressure

  • origin of second neuron: Anterior column
  • Site of decussation: 2nd order neuron crosses in spinal cord
38
Q

Lateral Spinothalamic Pathway

A

PAT- Pain And Temp

  • origin of 2nd order neuron: posterior/dorsal horn of spinal segment
  • Ascends: Lateral Column
  • Site of decussation: 2nd order neuron in spinal cord
39
Q

Spinocerebellar pathway

A
  • does not go to cortex
  • position of muscles, joints, tendons, and cerebellum
  • Origin of 2nd order neurons: dorsal gray horns
  • termination of 2nd order neurons: cortex of cerebellum
40
Q

Referred pain is due to _____ of afferent neurons on same interneuron

A

convergence

41
Q

Visceral Sensory Pathways

A

monitor visceral tissues and organs

  • 2nd order neurons ascend via: spinothalamic pathway
  • terminate : in solitary nucleus of the MO
42
Q

Somatic NS

A

Controls skeletal muscles

43
Q

Somatic motor pathways involves 2 motor neurons:

A
  • Upper and lower motor neurons

- both in cell body

44
Q

Upper motor Neurons

A

In CNS processing center

45
Q

Lower Motor Neuron

A

In brain stem or spinal cord

46
Q

Motor Homunculus

A

different parts of primary motor cortex control different regions of body

47
Q
  1. Corticospinal Pathway
A

provides voluntary control

  • Corticobulbar tact
  • Lateral Corticospinal tract
  • Anterior Corticospinal tract
48
Q

Corticobulbar

A

Crosses over in brain stem

49
Q

Lateral Corticospinal

A

descends on opposite side to synapse with LMNs in anterior gray horns

50
Q

Anterior Corticospinal

A

crosses over in spinal cord

51
Q
  1. Medial Pathways
A
  • axons cross immediately

- controls gross movements of trunk and proximal limb muscles and eye, head and neck

52
Q
  1. Lateral pathway
A

controls precise movements of distal upper limb, but not fine finger movements

53
Q

Somatic motor pathways are also overseen by

A

basal nuclei and cerebellum

54
Q

Basal Nuclei deep within

A

cerebral hemispheres

55
Q

Basal nuclei function

A

provide background patterns of activity in voluntary movements

56
Q

Basal nuclei operated by

A

upper and lower motor neuron

57
Q

2 major pathways of Basal Nuclei operation

A
  • thalamic neurons

- brainstem

58
Q

Cerebellum

A

receives sensory info from proprioceptors and eyes also balance from ears

59
Q

Cerebellum function

A

modifies activities of upper motor neurons to generate smooth, accurate movements and maintains balance

HK 191 (6 decks)

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