Chap 13 pt 2

Question 1

Sensory Receptors

Answer 1

structures that monitor changes in specific variables inside and outside the body

Question 2

Receptor Specificity

Answer 2

• end of afferent neuron
• each receptor responds to specific types of stimulus
• ex .pressure receptors are stimulated by pressure

Question 3

2 types of senses

Answer 3

General and Special

Question 4

General Senses

Answer 4

Temp, pain, touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception (muscle stretch)

Question 5

General Sense Receptors

Answer 5

dendrite ends of afferent sensory neuron

Question 6

Special Senses

Answer 6

Olfactory (smell), vision, gustation (taste), equilibrium (balance), hearing

Question 7

Detection of stimulus

Answer 7

a change in the permeability of the membrane

Question 8

Graded depolarization/ hyperpolarization

Answer 8

receptor potential

Question 9

Depolarization of sensory neuron

Answer 9

generator potential

Question 10

If stimulus is strong enough, summation of ___ ____ leads to the generation of an _____ _____

Answer 10

Graded Potentials, Action potential

Question 11

Process of translating a stimulus into an action potential

Answer 11

transduction

Question 12

Receptive field

Answer 12

area of body monitored by one particular afferent neuron and all its receptors

Question 13

to generate conscious sensations, sensory info must be transmitted to the

Answer 13

cortex

Question 14

Sensation

Answer 14

• raw experience
• may be unconscious
• activity in all sensory neurons

Question 15

Perception

Answer 15

• conscious awareness of sensation

- activity in cerebral cortex

Question 16

Labelled line

Answer 16

from receptor to specific neurons in cortex

Question 17

Info about type, strength, duration, and variation of the stimulus is coded by:

Answer 17

• Type of sensory receptor

- rate of action potential

Question 18

The harder the stimulus the ___ action potential

Answer 18

MORE

Question 19

Tonic receptors

Answer 19

always active

Question 20

Phasic receptors

Answer 20

• not always active

- fire only when stimulated

Question 21

Reduction in sensitivity of nervous system to constant stimulus

Answer 21

adaption

Question 22

Peripheral Adaption

Answer 22

phasic sensory receptors become less responsive

-ex. becoming used to background noise

Question 23

Central Adaption

Answer 23

• central adaption

- inhibition

Question 24

Higher centers can ___ receptor sensitivity or ____ transmission

Answer 24

increase, facilitate

Question 25

Nociceptors

Answer 25

-pain Where? -walls of blood vessels Responds to? temps, mechanical damage

Question 26

Thermoreceptors

Answer 26

- dermis - info sent along lateral spinothalamic - fast adapting

Question 27

Mechanoreceptors

Answer 27

-Respond to: stimuli that distort cell membrane

Question 28

Chemoreceptors

Answer 28

detects changes in pH, O2 and CO2

Question 29

First order neurons

Answer 29

- afferent, sensory neurons | - location: dorsal root

Question 30

Second Order neurons

Answer 30

- interneurons | - location: MO or posterior/ dorsal horn

Question 31

Third order neurons

Answer 31

-thalamus | -

Question 32

Sensory pathways can be divided into

Answer 32

- somatic sensory pathways | - visceral sensory pathways

Question 33

Somatic Sensory pathways

Answer 33

sensory info from skin, muscles, joints

Question 34

Visceral Sensory pathways

Answer 34

sensory info from visceral tissues and organs

Question 35

3 major pathways of somatic sensory pathways

Answer 35

- Posterior column pathway - Anterior Spinothalamic pathway/ Lateral Spinothalamic Pathway - Spinocerebellar Pathway

Question 36

Posterior Column Pathway

Answer 36

PFPV- pressure, fine touch, vibration, proprioception - origin of second neuron: MO - Ascends: Posterior column - Site of decussation: MO

Question 37

Anterior Spinothalamic Pathway

Answer 37

CAP- Crude touch And Pressure - origin of second neuron: Anterior column - Site of decussation: 2nd order neuron crosses in spinal cord

Question 38

Lateral Spinothalamic Pathway

Answer 38

PAT- Pain And Temp - origin of 2nd order neuron: posterior/dorsal horn of spinal segment - Ascends: Lateral Column - Site of decussation: 2nd order neuron in spinal cord

Question 39

Spinocerebellar pathway

Answer 39

- does not go to cortex - position of muscles, joints, tendons, and cerebellum - Origin of 2nd order neurons: dorsal gray horns - termination of 2nd order neurons: cortex of cerebellum

Question 40

Referred pain is due to _____ of afferent neurons on same interneuron

Answer 40

convergence

Question 41

Visceral Sensory Pathways

Answer 41

monitor visceral tissues and organs - 2nd order neurons ascend via: spinothalamic pathway - terminate : in solitary nucleus of the MO

Question 42

Somatic NS

Answer 42

Controls skeletal muscles

Question 43

Somatic motor pathways involves 2 motor neurons:

Answer 43

- Upper and lower motor neurons | - both in cell body

Question 44

Upper motor Neurons

Answer 44

In CNS processing center

Question 45

Lower Motor Neuron

Answer 45

In brain stem or spinal cord

Question 46

Motor Homunculus

Answer 46

different parts of primary motor cortex control different regions of body

Question 47

1. Corticospinal Pathway

Answer 47

provides voluntary control - Corticobulbar tact - Lateral Corticospinal tract - Anterior Corticospinal tract

Question 48

Corticobulbar

Answer 48

Crosses over in brain stem

Question 49

Lateral Corticospinal

Answer 49

descends on opposite side to synapse with LMNs in anterior gray horns

Question 50

Anterior Corticospinal

Answer 50

crosses over in spinal cord

Question 51

2. Medial Pathways

Answer 51

- axons cross immediately | - controls gross movements of trunk and proximal limb muscles and eye, head and neck

Question 52

3. Lateral pathway

Answer 52

controls precise movements of distal upper limb, but not fine finger movements

Question 53

Somatic motor pathways are also overseen by

Answer 53

basal nuclei and cerebellum

Question 54

Basal Nuclei deep within

Answer 54

cerebral hemispheres

Question 55

Basal nuclei function

Answer 55

provide background patterns of activity in voluntary movements

Question 56

Basal nuclei operated by

Answer 56

upper and lower motor neuron

Question 57

2 major pathways of Basal Nuclei operation

Answer 57

- thalamic neurons | - brainstem

Question 58

Cerebellum

Answer 58

receives sensory info from proprioceptors and eyes also balance from ears

Question 59

Cerebellum function

Answer 59

modifies activities of upper motor neurons to generate smooth, accurate movements and maintains balance