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HK 191 > MT2 Chap 15 - Special senses > Flashcards

MT2 Chap 15 - Special senses Flashcards

1
Q

Function of Olfactory receptors

A

Stimulus – dendrites – specialized olfactory neuron

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2
Q

The function of receptors for the senses of

A

taste, vision, equilibrium, and hearing

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3
Q

Olfactory Pathway to the cerebellum

A

Olfactory organ – olfactory epithelium – olfactory bulb - – olfactory tract – olfactory cortex, hypothalamus

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4
Q

The olfactory epithelium consists of 3 kinds of cells

A
  • olfactory receptors
  • Supporting columnar epithelial cells
  • Basal cells
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5
Q

Olfactory Receptors

A

-bipolar sensory neurons w/ cilia responds to odorant molecules

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6
Q

Supporting columnar epithelial cells

A

provide support & nourishment

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7
Q

Basal cells

A

stem cells that replace olfactory receptors (monthly)

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8
Q

Olfactory Apparatus can detect about

A

10,000 different odors, often in concentrations as low as 4 molecules

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9
Q

Olfaction process

A

Nerve impulses travel from olfactory neuron –> mitral cell neuron in olfactory bulb –> axons of olfactory tract –> Primary olfactory area in temporal lobe

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10
Q

Olfaction is the ___ sensory system that has direct cortical projections w/o first going through relay stations in the ____

A

only

thalamus

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11
Q

Olfactory sensory pathways are

A

rapidly adapting

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12
Q

Olfactory supporting cells and glands are innervated by the Facial (VII) nerve, a component of which provides parasympathetic motor innervation to lacrimal glands and the mucous membranes.

A

why certain odor will make our nose run or eyes tear up

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13
Q

Gustation: 5 primary tastes

A

sour, sweet, bitter, salty, umami

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14
Q

Umami is believed to arise from taste receptors that are stimulated by

A

monosodium glutamate (MSG)

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15
Q

Each taste bud is composed of about

A

50 gustatory receptor cells, then surrounded by a number of supporting cells

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16
Q

Basal cells

A

first to become supporting cells, then gustatory receptor cells inside the taste bud

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17
Q

Gustatory hair

A

a single, long microvillus projects from each receptor cell to the surface through the taste pore

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18
Q

Each gustatory receptor cell has a lifespan of about

A

10 days

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19
Q

Taste buds are found in 3 diff types of papillae

A
  • Circumvallate papillae: form a row at the back of the tongue (100-300 taste buds in each)
  • Fungiform papillae: scattered all over (5 taste buds in each)
  • Foliate papillae: in small trenches on lateral margins of the tongue, most taste buds degenerate in early childhood
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20
Q

Filiform Papillae

A
  • all over
  • contains tactile receptors but NO taste buds
  • increase friction btwn tongue and food,
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21
Q

Our visual perception is dependent on the

A

eye, its accessory structures, the optic tracts, and the 1 degree visual cortex and its association areas

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22
Q

Vision is possible bc of

A

photoreceptors that are able to catch photons of EM radiation (what we perceive as visual light)

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23
Q

Flow of tears

A

Lacrimal gland –> lacrimal ducts –> Superior or inferior lacrimal canal –> lacrimal sac –> nasolacrimal duct –> nasal cavity

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24
Q

Wall consists of 3 layers or tunics

A
  • Fibrous tunic: outer layer, composed of sclera and cornea
  • Vascular tunic: middle layer, composed of choroid, ciliary body, and iris
  • Nervous tunic: inner retinal layer
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25
Q

Anterior Cavity

A
  • Anterior chamber
  • posterior chamber
  • filled w/ aqueous humor
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26
Q

Posterior cavity

A

-contains the vitreous body

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27
Q

Giliary body consists of 2 parts

A
  • ciliary processes - secrete aqueous humor

- ciliary muscle - changes shape of lens to adapt to near vision

28
Q

Iris

A

coloured portion of eye

-has circular and radial smooth muscle fibres

29
Q

Cornea

A
  • superficial layer of epithelial cells
  • multiple layers of collagen fibres
  • transparent
  • lacks blood vessels
30
Q

Lens

A
  • consists of concentric layers of cells

- filled with crystallins (transparent proteins)

31
Q

Suspensory ligaments

A

resists tendency of lens the assume spherical shape

32
Q

Ciliary body

A

-supports and controls its shape

33
Q

Retina

A

-contains photoreceptors, pigments cells, supporting cells, neurons

34
Q

Choroid blood vessels

A

directly or indirectly provide nutrients to all structures within eye

35
Q

Sclera

A

-stabilizes shape of eye during movements

36
Q

Aqueous humor

A
  • maintains intraocular pressure (IOP)
  • replaced every 90 min
  • produced at giliary body
37
Q

Aqueous humor flow

A

posterior chamber –> anterior chamber –> reabsorbed in scleral venous sinus –> returned to venous system

38
Q

Vitreous body (humor)

A
  • maintains intraocular pressure (IOP)
  • ONLY formed during embryological development
  • NOT replaced
  • shrinkage of vitreous body may lead to detachment of retina
39
Q

Normal image formation depends on

A

refraction of light waves, accommodation of lens, constriction of pupil, convergence of 2 eyes

40
Q

Refraction

A
  • process of bending light rays

- cornea aqueous humor and lens refracts light rays

41
Q

Focal distance

A

determined by shape of lens and distance btwn lens and object

42
Q

An increase in the curvature of the lens for near vision is called

A

accommodation

43
Q

accommodation is made possible by

A

contracting ciliary muscle and relaxing suspensory ligaments

44
Q

Exact centre of the retina is called the

A

Macula lutea

45
Q

in centre of macula lutea is a small depression called

A

the central fovea (or fovea centralis)

46
Q

there are no ___ in the fovea, only high concentration of ___

A

rods, cones

47
Q

3 principle regions

A
  • External
  • middle
  • internal
48
Q

External includes

A
  • Auricle (pinna)

- external auditory canal

49
Q

Structures of middle ear

A
  • ossicles: Malleus, Incus, Stapes
  • Tensor tympani and stapedius muscle
  • Tympanic membrane
50
Q

structures of inner ear (labyrinth)

A
  • cochlea
  • vestibule
  • semicircular canals
51
Q

Labyrinth has 2 main divisions

A

-outer bony labyrinth that encloses an inner membranous labyrinth

52
Q

bony labyrinth is sculpted out of the petrous part of the temporal bone and divided into 3 areas

A
  • semicircular canals
  • vestibule
  • cochlea
53
Q

vestibule consists of 2 sacs

A

-utricle and saccule

54
Q

Order of cochlea

A

vestibular duct –> cochlear duct –> tympanic duct

55
Q

Fluid in cochlea, ___ and ____ fills the 3 different internal channels ____, ____, and _____

A

perilymph and endolymph,

scala vestibuli, scala tympani, cochlear duct

56
Q

Organ of Corti hair cells only have

A

sterocillia

57
Q

Equilibrium is another function of the inner ear, its controlled by

A

vestibular apparatus

58
Q

What equilibrium refers to a state of balance relative to the force of gravity?

A

Static Equilibrium - linear acceleration

59
Q

What equilibrium involves the maintenance of balance during sudden movements?

A

Dynamic equilibrium - rotational acceleration

60
Q

Static equilibrium is controlled by

A

sensory hairs within the macula of the:

  • utricle – detects horizontal motion
  • saccule – detects vertical motion
61
Q

An otolithic membrane of static equilibrium is studded with dense

A

calcium carbonate crystals

62
Q

Dynamic equilibrium is controlled by the

A

sensory hairs within the ampulla of the semicircular canals

63
Q

within each ampulla is a small elevation called

A

crista or crest

64
Q

each crista is covered in

A

cupula

65
Q

Equilibrium pathway

A

-nerve impulse travel up the vestibular branch of CN VIII –> most axons synapse in medulla and pons (which also receive input from the eyes and proprioceptors) –> ascending neurons continue –> primary auditory area in parietal lobe to provide us with conscious awareness of the position and movements of the head and limbs

HK 191 (6 decks)

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