MT 5 Biology Flashcards
The type of sugar used in DNA
Deoxyribose
Deoxyribose
The type of sugar in DNA
Ribose
The type of sugar used in RNA
The type of sugar used in RNA
Ribose
Hydrogen bonds
WEAK; bonds between nitrogen bases
WEAK; bonds between nitrogen bases
Hydrogen bonds
Covalent Bonds
STRONG; bonds of everything BESIDES the nitrogen bases hold together the phosphates and sugar
STRONG; bonds of everything BESIDES the nitrogen bases hold together the phosphates and sugar
Covalent Bonds
Peptide bonds
a chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, releasing a molecule of water
a chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, releasing a molecule of water
Peptide bonds
Semi-conservative
PART of the molecule is being conserved for the new ones (in DNA replication each new strand has some old and some new)
PART of the molecule is being conserved for the new ones (in DNA replication each new strand has some old and some new)
Semi-conservative
Nucleotide
the basic building block of nucleic acids (monomers)
the basic building block of nucleic acids (monomers)
Nucleotide
Where and when does DNA replication take place?
In the nucleus during the S phase of interphase
Know the key differences between DNA and RNA (sugars used, shape, bases, etc)
DNA- Deoxyribose, double helix, nitrogen bases of A, T, C, G
RNA- Ribose, single strand, nitrogen bases of A, U, C, G
What are the base pairing rules?
A’s bind with U’s
C’s bind with G’s
What type of bonds hold DNA together?
hydrogen
What does it mean if the DNA is semi-conservative?
part of the old molecule is conserved/saved
Polypeptide
A chain of amino acids that can bind to others and fold into protein
A chain of amino acids that can bind to others and fold into protein
Polypeptide
Ribosome
An organelle made of both RNA and protein, and it is the site of protein synthesis in the cell
An organelle made of both RNA and protein, and it is the site of protein synthesis in the cell
Ribosome
Transcription
DNA is copied into a
complementary strand of mRNA.
DNA is copied into a
complementary strand of mRNA.
Transcription
Translation
interpreting the RNA message into a
polypeptide to make a protein
interpreting the RNA message into a
polypeptide to make a protein
Translation
Codon
a sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis
a sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis
Codon
Amino Acid
monomer
(building block)
for making
proteins, held
together by
peptide bonds
monomer
(building block)
for making
proteins, held
together by
peptide bonds
Amino Acid
Chromosome
A structure found inside the nucleus of a cell. A chromosome is made up of proteins and DNA organized into genes
A structure found inside the nucleus of a cell made up of proteins and DNA organized into genes
Chromosome
Gene
Piece/section of DNA that holds the instructions to making protein
Piece/section of DNA that holds the instructions to making protein
Gene
Where, why, and how does transcription takes place?
starts with DNA in the nucleus, a gene is unzipped to be copied, the RNA nucleotides bind with their corresponding DNA ones then the mRNA leaves and goes to the cytoplasm
Where, why, and how does translation takes place?
mRNA attaches to a ribosome.
and the ribosome reads the mRNA codons, starting at AUG. tRNAs act like taxis to pick up and drop off the amino acids that match with each codon. tRNAs continue to drop off a.a., and the ribosome binds the
a.a. together with peptide bonds. When the “stop codon” is reached, the ribosome releases the
completed polypeptide chain.
Diploid
cells with 2 full sets of chromosomes, a set from each parent, human somatic cells
cells with 2 full sets of chromosomes, a set from each parent, human somatic cells
Diploid
Haploid
cells with 1 full set of chromosomes, which is a combination from the parents
cells with 1 full set of chromosomes, which is a combination from the parents ex. gametes
Haploid
Body cells, diploid
Somatic Cell
Somatic Cell
Body cells, diploid
Gamete
sex cells; haploid
sex cells; haploid
Gamete
Homologous chromosomes
chromosome pairs that have the same types of genes, one from each parent
chromosome pairs that have the same types of genes, one from each parent
Homologous chromosomes
Crossing over
Creates new combinations of genes. during prophase 1, homologus chromosomes are lined up together and get “tangled” they swap pieces of DNA.
during prophase 1, homologus chromosomes are lined up together and get “tangled” they swap pieces of DNA. This is called…
Crossing over
What happens in each phase of meiosis?
I
P: nuclear membrane breaks down, spindle fibers form
M: Homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell in pairs
A: Homologous chromosome pairs separate and get pulled to opposite sides (remain attached for meiosis 1)
T: Chromosomes gather at the poles and nuclear membranes reform
C: cytoplasm divides into two cells
What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
Mitosis: growth and repair, asexual, all through life, all through body, PMAT once, creation of diploid somatic cells
Meiosis: purpose is to make babies, sexual, in ovaries and testes, PMAT twice, creates haploid sex cells
Does interphase occur before mitosis, meiosis, or both?
Both
How do the cells produced in meiosis relate to the original cell?
They are different, there is four and they’re haploid
What are the two types of nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
What is the monomer of nucleic acids?
nucleotides
What is the structure of DNA?
Double Helix
What is the structure of RNA?
Single strand of nucleotides with exposed nitrogen bases
