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MSK_Y1_MT1 > MSK_MT1_TBL5 (Vertebral Column, Ligaments& Joints) > Flashcards

MSK_MT1_TBL5 (Vertebral Column, Ligaments& Joints) Flashcards

1
Q

Vertebral column

A

Central, longitudinal bony pillar of the body.

  • SUPPORTS the:
    1. skull
    2. pectoral girdle
    3. upper limbs
    4. thoracic cage
  • Protects the spinal chord
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2
Q

pelvic girdle

A

transmits body weight → lower limbs

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3
Q

33 vertebrae of the Vetebral Column

A

Cervical : C1 - C7

Thoracic: T1 - T12

Lumbar: L1 - L5

Saccral: S1 - S5 (fused to form the sacrum)

Coccygeal: Cx1 - Cx4 (lower 3 commonly fused)

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4
Q

typical vertebra is made of … (2)

A
  1. A rounded body anteriorly
  2. Vertebral arch posteriorly
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5
Q

vertebral arch consists of

A
  1. pair of pedicles: sides of the arch
  2. pair of flattened laminae: complete the arch posteriorly.
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6
Q

vertebral foramen

A

space enclosed by vertebral arch + vertebral body

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7
Q

What are the 7 structures that the vertebral arch gives rise to?

A

1x spinous process

2x transverse proccess

2x superior articular process

2x inferior articular process

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8
Q
A
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9
Q

spinous & transverse processes serve as

A

LEVERS: attachments of muscles* and *ligaments

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10
Q

articular processes

A
  • vertically arranged (2x Superior + 2x Inferior)
  • facets are covered with HYALINE cartilage
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11
Q

zygapophyseal joints

A

each vertebra = total of four synovial joints

  • The TWO superior articular of bottom vertebra

+ TWO inferior articular of the top vertabra

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12
Q

superior & inferior vertebral notches

A
  • the notches of the pedicles
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13
Q

intervertebral foramen

A
  • the SPACE BETWEEN one superior notch of one vertebra + inferior notch of another vertebra
  • spinal nerves and blood vessels pass through the foramen
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14
Q

Atypical Vertebrae – Atlas (C1)

A

NO vertebral body OR spinous process

  • anterior and posterior arches: a lateral mass on both sides of the articular surface
    • posterior arch : vertebral artery passes ONLY
  • atlanto-occipital joints: anterior C1 surface + occipital condyles skull
  • atlantoaxial joints: inferior C1 surface + C2
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15
Q

transverse foramina

A

passages for the vertebral artery and vein

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16
Q

Atypical Vertebrae – Axis (C2)

A

has a tooth-like odontoid process (dens) that projects upward (into C1) from the superior surface of the body.

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17
Q

Cervical Vertebrae (C3-C7)

A

(C7) = vertebra prominens = it has the longest spinous process.

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18
Q

T2-T8

A

superior costal facet

inferior costal facet

tranverse costal facet

  • sites where the ribs articulate with the body
    • demifacets: 1 rib = 2 thoracic vertebrae
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19
Q

T1

A

full costal facet (NOT a superior demifacet like the others)

  • to connect it to C7
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20
Q

T11 and T12

A

each have full costal facets on the pedicles

ribs 11 and 12 articulate only with one vertebra.

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21
Q

Mamillary Process

A

located ONLY in Lumbar

site of muscle attachment

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22
Q

Lumbar Vertebral body

A

Massive; kidney shaped

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23
Q

Lumbar Vertebral foramen

A

Triangular

larger > thoracic vertebrae

smaller < cervical vertebrae

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24
Q

Lumbar Transverse processes

A

Long and slender

accessory process on posterior surface

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25
Q

Lumbar Articular processes

A
  • Nearly vertical facets
    • superior facets = medially
    • inferior facets = laterally
    • mammillary process on posterior surface
26
Q

Lumbar Spinous processes

A

Short and sturdy; thick, broad, and hatchet shaped

27
Q

Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae

A
28
Q

sacrum

A

five fused vertebrae

wedge-shaped

concave anteriorly

29
Q

Sacrum Base and Apex

A

base = articulates with the fifth lumbar vertebra

apex = articulates with the coccyx

30
Q

sacroiliac joints

A

sacrum articulates with the two iliac bones

31
Q

sacral promontory

A

first sacral vertebra bulges forward into the pelvic inlet

in females, obstetric importance =measuring the size of the pelvis.

32
Q

cauda equina

A

anterior and posterior roots of the sacral and coccygeal nerves

33
Q

sacralization of the L5 vertebra

A

fifth lumbar vertebra incorporated into the sacrum region

= painfull friction against the illiac crest (Bertolotti’s syndrome)

34
Q

anterior and posterior sacral foramina

A

passage of the anterior and posterior rami of the upper four sacral nerves.

35
Q

Lumbarization of the S1 vertebra

A
36
Q

coccyx

A

four vertebrae fused together to form a triangular bone

“tail bone”

37
Q

primary curvatures

A
  1. thoracic
  2. sacrococcygeal

retain their initial prenatal anterior concavities

38
Q

secondary curvatures

A
  1. cervical
  2. lumbar

curves form postnatally

posterior concavities

39
Q

fetal vertebral column

A

“fetal position” = one continuous anterior concavity

40
Q

lumbar curve

A

cervical and lumbar curves = anterior concave

b/c of pregnancy, lumbar curve is more pronounced in adult females

41
Q

Normal Terminology of Lordosis/Kyphosis

A
  • Cervical lordosis
  • Thoracic kyphosis
  • Lumbar lordosis
  • Sacral kyphosis
42
Q

senile kyphosis

A

Associated with Age

  • osteoporosis OR degeneration of the intervertebral discs
  • OR notable weakening of the intrinsic back muscles = kyphosis.
43
Q

Adolescent kyphosis

A

In adolescents with poor muscle, long hours of study at low desk

= less severe, gently curved upper thoracic region.

44
Q

Lumbar lordosis

A

caused by an increase in the weight of the abdominal contents, as with the gravid uterus.

OR

postural compensation for a thoracic kyphosis

45
Q

External Markers of the Vertebral Column and Sacrum

A
  1. S2 = back dimples
  2. median sacral crest = (inferior to L5) sacral triangle and intergluetal cleft
  3. sacral hiatus = start of the intergluetal cleft
46
Q

atlanto-occipital joints

A

Vertebra C1 (the atlas) + base of the skull

47
Q

atlantoaxial joints

A

Vertebra C1 (the atlas) + vertebra C2 (the axis)

48
Q

condyles of the skull

A

where the atlanto-occipital synovial joints formed in the base of skull

49
Q

Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane

A

Ligament

connects the anterior arch of the atlas→ skull.

50
Q

Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane

A

Ligament

connects the posterior arch of the atlas→ skull.

51
Q

Median atlantoaxial joint

A

between odontoid/dens of C2 + anterior arch of the C1

(2x lateral atlantoaxial joints + 1 Median atlantoaxial joint)

52
Q

Apical ligament

A

connects the apex of the odontoid→ skull

Connecting the axis to the base of the cranium are the apical ligament of dens

53
Q

Alar ligaments

A

lie on each side of the apical ligament and connect the odontoid process to the occipital condyles

54
Q

Scoliosis

A

a lateral deviation : commonly found in the thoracic region.

malrotation

strong association with the adolescent growth spurt.

55
Q

Adam’s Forward Bend Test

A

Test for Scoliosis at the rotational component

observing the patient from the back while he or she bends forward

56
Q

Jefferson’s fracture

A
  • ring of the atlas to be disrupted = lateral masses to be displaced laterally
  • caused by excessive vertical force applied from above
  • ex) diving
57
Q

Nontraumatic compression fractures

A
  1. osteoporosis
  2. tuberculous spondylitis
  3. Pott’s disease

DISEASED vertebral body may break down and collapse under the weight of the upper body

58
Q

Hangman’s Fracture

A
  • Fractures of the odontoid process (Dens) = result from falls or blows on the head
    • rupture of the transverse ligament = spinal injury
  • ex) car crash = caused by overextension of neck (whiplash)
59
Q

“Teardrop” Fracture

A

abrupt neck extension causes the anterior longitudinal ligament to tear = a triangular-shaped fragment (tear drop)

60
Q

Spondylolysis

A
  • bilateral defect (fracture or separation) in posterior arch of the spine
    • between pars interarticularis between the zygapophyseal (facet) joints
    • L5/L4
  • a fatigue fracture due to acute overload
    • ​present in athletes
61
Q

spondylolisthesis

A

body of a lower vertebra (usually L5) slips forward to compensate for the break of spondolysis

MSK_Y1_MT1 (13 decks)

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