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Semester 2 > MSK Session 9 > Flashcards

MSK Session 9 Flashcards

0
Q

How is the knee locked and unlocked in extension?

A

Femur rotates internally over tibia to lock

Popliteus helps rotate femur externally to unlock

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1
Q

Why can the knee be locked in extension?

A

To reduce energy needed to remain upright

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2
Q

Which muscles are used for movement at the knee joint?

A

Flexion: hamstrings
Extension: quad
Medial rotation: semitendinous
Lateral rotation: biceps femoris

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3
Q

When can rotation of the knee joint occur?

A

When flexed

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4
Q

Why must the knee joint be deepened?

A

To stabilise the mismatch b/w shapes on the tibial plateau

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5
Q

How is the knee joint deepened?

A

Deepening the articular surface of the tibial element w/the menisci

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6
Q

What shape do the medial and lateral menisci have?

A

Wedge

Thicker at edges than in middle

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7
Q

What shape are the medial menisci?

A

C-shaped

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8
Q

Which menisci are more circular and more mobile?

A

Lateral

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9
Q

What ensures synovial fluid is distributed evenly in the knee?

A

Menisci

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10
Q

What do the menisci attach to?

A

Intercondylar areas
Joint capsule via coronary ligaments
Each other by transverse ligament of the knee

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11
Q

What supplies blood to the knee joint?

A

10 vessels of peri-articular be ocular anastomoses around knee

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12
Q

What especially stabilises the knee joint?

A

Inferior fibres of vastus medialis and vastus lateralis

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13
Q

What supports the knee laterally?

A

Iliotibial tract

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14
Q

Which blood vessels are involved in supplying the knee?

A

Femoral, popliteal, anterior and posterior recurrent branches of the anterior tibial recurrent and circumflex fibular arteries

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15
Q

How are the medial and lateral tibial condyles distinguished?

A

Medial - slightly concave

Lateral - slightly convex

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16
Q

Where is the adductor tubercle on the femur?

A

On the medial epicondyle

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17
Q

Why is the medial epicondyle of the femur larger than the lateral?

A

Bears more weight

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18
Q

What are the intracapsular ligaments which cross over and are named by their attachment to tibia?

A

Cruciate

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19
Q

What is the path of the posterior cruciate ligament?

A

Passes anterior and inserts medially

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20
Q

What is the lathe of the anterior cruciate ligament?

A

Passes posterior and inserts laterally

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21
Q

What is the function of the posterior cruciate ligament?

A

Prevents tibia moving posteriorly in relation to femur

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22
Q

What is the function of the anterior cruciate ligament?

A

Prevents tibia moving anteriorly in relation to femur

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23
Q

Which is the stronger cruciate ligament?

A

Posterior

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24
Which is the main stabiliser cruciate ligament in weight bearing flexed knee?
Posterior
25
What does the posterior cruciate ligament limit?
Hyperflexion
26
What does the anterior cruciate ligament limit?
Hyperextension
27
What is the blood supply to the anterior cruciate ligament like?
Poor
28
What supports the knee anteriorly?
Patellar ligament
29
What is the oblique popliteal ligament an extension of?
Tendon of semitendinous
30
What supports the knee posteriorly by strengthening the capsule?
Oblique and arcuate popliteal ligaments
31
Which ligaments are the extra-capsular ligaments of the knee?
Medial/tibial collateral | Lateral collateral
32
Where do the collateral ligaments of the knee extend from?
Femoral epicondyles
33
Where does the medial collateral ligament extend to?
Medial condyle of tibia at midpoint of medial meniscus
34
Why does injury of the medial collateral ligament typically cause injury of the medial meniscus?
Due to attachment
35
Why is the medial collateral ligament injured more than the lateral collateral ligament?
It is part of the fibrous capsule
36
What does the lateral collateral ligament extend to?
Lateral surface of fibula head
37
What reinforces the lateral collateral attachment to the lateral surface of the fibula head?
Iliotibial tract
38
What is the unhappy triad?
Blow to side of knee --> lateral twisting of flexed knee --> medial meniscus torn, medial collateral torn, ACL torn
39
What is damaged in hyperextension?
Anterior cruciate ligament
40
What do you use to test damage to the anterior cruciate ligament?
Anterior draw sign
41
What is damaged by falling onto tibial tuberosity with flexed knee?
Posterior cruciate ligament
42
What is used to assess posterior cruciate ligament damage?
Posterior draw sign | May be visible looking side on
43
Is injury to the ACL or PCL more common?
ACL
44
Why is the lateral meniscus saved form injury and able to heal relatively well?
Relatively mobile
45
What are the three bursae of the knee?
Supra-patellar Pre patellar Superficial infra-patellar
46
What is Housemaid's knee?
Inflammation of the pre patellar bursa typically from kneeling
47
What is Clergyman's knee?
Inflammation of the infra-patellar bursa typically from kneeling
48
Why is osteoarthritis common in the knee?
Weight-bearing joint
49
When is rheumatoid arthritis seen in the knee?
In severe progression
50
What are Bakers cysts?
Abnormal fluid filled sacs of synovium in popliteal fossa due to chronic knee effusion
51
What can popliteal cysts connect to?
Synovium of knee joint
52
How quickly can popliteal cysts arise?
Overnight
53
Which muscles are in the posterior thigh?
Semitendinous Semimembranous Biceps femoris
54
What is the main action of the semitendinous?
Extend thigh Flex leg Medially rotate leg when flexed Can extend trunk when thigh and leg flexed
55
What is the main action of semimembranous?
Extend thigh Flex leg Rotate leg medially when flexed Can extend trunk when thigh and leg flexed
56
What innervates the posterior thigh muscles?
Sciatic nerve
57
What is the main action of biceps femoris?
Flexes leg Laterally rotates leg when knee is flexed Extends thigh
58
Which muscle is used to accelerate mass during first step of gait?
Biceps femoris
59
What is the popliteal fossa?
Diamond shaped area on posterior leg through which most structures pass from the thigh to the leg
60
What forms the superiomedial border of the popliteal fossa?
Semimembranous
61
What forms the superiolateral border of the popliteal fossa?
Biceps femoris
62
What forms the inferio lateral border of the popliteal fossa?
Lateral head of gastrocnemius and plantaris
63
What forms the inferio medial border of the popliteal fossa?
Medial head of gastrocnemius
64
What forms the floor of the popliteal fossa?
Posterior surface of knee joint capsule | Posterior surface of femur
65
What forms the roof of the popliteal fossa?
Popliteal fascia and skin
66
What is the popliteal fascia continuous with?
Fascia lata of leg
67
What is the contents of the popliteal fossa from medial to lateral?
Popliteal artery Popliteal vein Tibial nerve Common fibular nerve
68
What is the most superficial in the popliteal fossa?
Nerves
69
What are the tibial and common fibular nerve branches of?
Sciatic nerve
70
What is the deepest structure in the popliteal fossa?
Popliteal artery
71
What is the popliteal artery?
Continuation of the femoral artery which supplies the leg w/blood
72
What pierces the popliteal fascia to empty into the popliteal vein?
Small saphenous vein
73
What lies at the termination of the small saphenous vein?
Small lymph node
74
Describe the location of deep lymph nodes in the popliteal fossa.
Surround vessels and follow femoral vessels to deep inguinal lymph nodes
75
What does Baker's cyst aUsually arise in conjunction with?
Osteo or rheumatoid arthritis
76
What does rupture of a popliteal cyst cause?
DVT symptoms
77
Does a Baker's cyst usually self resolve?
Yep
78
Why does popliteal aneurysm cause compression of popliteal fossa contents?
Popliteal fascia layer is inextensible
79
What is particularly susceptible to compression in popliteal aneurysm?
Tibial nerve
80
What does tibial nerve compression in popliteal aneurysm cause?
Leg anaesthesia or loss of motor function
81
How can a popliteal aneurysm be detected clinically?
Obvious palpable pulsation w/abnormal arterial sounds
82
What are rarer causes of popliteal mass than popliteal cyst or aneurysm?
DVT Adventitial cyst of the popliteal artery Various neoplasms

Semester 2 (45 decks)

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