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Semester 2 > CVS Session 1 > Flashcards

CVS Session 1 Flashcards

0
Q

How do hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules move into capillaries?

A

Hydrophobic - direct diffusion through lipid bilayer

Hydrophilic - diffuse through small aqueous pores b/w cells

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1
Q

Why do we need a CVS?

A

Diffusion time is proportional to distance squared

Most cells far away from O2 and nutrient supply

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2
Q

What factors affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Area
Diffusion resistance
Concentration gradient

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3
Q

What is the total blood flow at rest?

A

~5 litres per min

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4
Q

Why is a resistance system needed in the CVS?

A

To reduce ease of perfusion to some areas so harder to perfuse areas receive adequate blood flow

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5
Q

Which BV give variable resistance?

A

Arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters

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6
Q

What provides capacitance for flexible blood flow?

A

Easy distension/collapse of vein walls

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7
Q

5 components of CVS and their functions?

A 
Heart = pump
Vessels and blood = distribution
Capillaries = exchange system
Arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters = flow control
Veins = capacitance
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8
Q

Path of outflow blood

A

Large arteries > medium arteries > arterioles > metarterioles > capillaries > post capillary venules > venules > medium veins > large veins

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9
Q

Where is the velocity of blood lowest?

A

Capillaries bed

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10
Q

Describe the course of the pulmonary trunk.

A

Major artery from R. ventricle

Bifurcates into R+L pulmonary arteries

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11
Q

Describe the course of the aorta.

A

Major artery from L. ventricle
Posteriorly oblique arch to descend into thoracic cavity
Branches into brachiocephalic, common carotid and subclavian
Terminates by bifurcating into R+L common iliac arteries

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12
Q

What is the blood pressure in the aorta during systole?

A

~120 mmHg

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13
Q

What is the aortic pressure during diastole?

A

70-80 mmHg

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14
Q

Describe the function of elastic arteries in systole and diastole.

A

Pressure reservoirs:
Store elastic energy in systole
Act as auxiliary pumps in diastole

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15
Q

What are the layers of an artery (lumen outwards)?

A

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia

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16
Q

What are the 5 types of artery?

A

Elastic conducting
Muscular distributing
Arterioles
End

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17
Q

Describe the layers of an elastic conducting artery.

A

TI: Fenestrated internal elastic lamina and endothelial cells w/long axis parallel to long axis of artery
TM: 40-70 fenestrated elastic membranes w/smooth muscle+collagen
TA: thin fibroelastic layer w/vasa vasorum, lymph vessels and nerves

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18
Q

What produces the elastin, collagen and matrix in elastic conducting arteries?

A

Smooth muscle cells

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19
Q

What is dissecting aorta?

A

When blood pushes b/w lamellae in TM

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20
Q

Describe the layers of a muscular distributing artery.

A

TI: endothelium, subendothelial layer, thick internal elastic lamina
TM: 40 layers of smooth muscle cells connected by gap junctions and prominent external elastic lamina
TA: thin fibroelastic layer w/vasa vasorum, lymph vessels and nerves

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21
Q

Describe propagation in a muscular distributing artery.

A

NA released at nerve endings –> fenestrations in TM depolarise some smooth muscle cells –> propagated by gap junctions

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22
Q

Describe the layers of an arteriole.

A

TI: endothelial cells
TM: 1-3 layers of smooth muscle (thin internal elastic lamina in larger ones only)
TA: scant

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23
Q

Describe the structure of a small arteriole.

A

1 muscle cell completely encircles the endothelial cells

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24
Q

What is not present in an arteriole?

A

External elastic lamina

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25
Q

Describe the structure of a metarteriole.

A

Smooth muscle cells spaced apart each encircling the endothelium of a capillary arising from an arteriole

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26
Q

What is the function of a metarteriole?

A

Feed many capillaries, controlling blood flow into the capillary bed

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27
Q

What are end arterioles?

A

Terminal artery supplying most or all of the blood to an area w/out significant collateral circulation

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28
Q

Give examples of end arteries.

A

Coronary
Splenic
Renal

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29
Q

What is bridging?

A

Compression of a segment of coronary artery during systole

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30
Q

What is the function of a lymphatic capillary?

A

Drain and return excess ECF to blood and the internal jugular and subclavian vein junctions

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31
Q

What is the function of a precapillary sphincter?

A

Allow arterioles and metarterioles to serve as flow regulators for the capillary beds.
Open: allows plentiful blood flow
Closed: blood flow greatly reduced

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32
Q

What is a central channel?

A

Metarteriole + thoroughfare channel = bypass capillary bed

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33
Q

Describe the properties of a capillary.

A

7-10 micrometer diameter
<1mm long
Single layer of endothelium and BM
Allow passage of one cell at once

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34
Q

What is the maximum distance of a tissue from a capillary?

A

30 micrometers

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35
Q

What are the three types of capillary?

A

Continuous
Fenestrated
Sinusoidal

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36
Q

Describe a continuous capillary.

A

Most common type
Cells joined by tight/occludin junctions
Pericytes form branching network around endothelium
Pericytes can into muscle cells/fibroblasts in angiogenesis, tumour growth and wound healing

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37
Q

Describe a fenestrated capillary

A

4 routes of transport available
Interruptions bridged by a thin diaphragm
Found in gut, endocrine glands, renal glomerulus

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38
Q

What are the four routes of transport through a fenestrated capillary?

A

Direct diffusion
Diffusion through intercellular cleft
Diffusion through fenestration
Pinocytosis

39
Q

Describe a sinusoidal capillary.

A

Largest diameter therefore lowest blood flow
Gals in walls for whole cells to move b/w blood and tissue
Found in liver, spleen and bone marrow

40
Q

Describe a post capillary venule.

A

Endothelial lining w/associated pericytes
10-30 micrometer diameter
Even more permeable than capillaries

41
Q

When is the pressure in a post capillary vein not lower than the pressure in the surrounding tissue fluid?

A

Inflammatory response when fluid and leukocytes emigrate

42
Q

Where is the preferred location of emigration of leukocytes from the blood?

A

Post capillary venule

43
Q

At what diameter do merging venules begin to develop a tunica media?

A

50 micrometers

44
Q

How is a tunica media formed?

A

Smooth muscle fibres become associated with the endothelium

45
Q

What do valves in venules consist of?

A

Thin intimal extensions

46
Q

In which direction is the longitudinal axis of the endothelial cells?

A

Parallel to the direction of blood flow

47
Q

How do you differentiate b/w veins and arteries?

A 
Veins have:
Larger diameter
Thinner wall
More CT in wall
Fewer elastic and muscle fibres in wall
48
Q

Describe the structure of small and medium veins.

A

TI: thin
TM: 2-3 layers of smooth muscle
TA: well developed

49
Q

Describe the structure of large veins.

A

Diameter >10mm
TI: thick
TM: not prominent
TA: well developed

50
Q

Why do superficial veins of the legs have a well-defined muscular wall?

A

Resist distension caused by gravity (proposed)

51
Q

What is present in large vein Ta and TM not seen in smaller veins?

A

TA: well developed, longitudinally oriented smooth muscle
TM: circularly oriented smooth muscle and vasa vasorum

52
Q

What is a venae comitantes?

A

A structure enclosed by a sheath consisting of a pair of veins flanking an artery

53
Q

What is the function of a venae comitantes?

A

Promote venous return in the involved veins

54
Q

How does a venae comitantes function?

A

The pulsing of the artery promotes venous return w/in the adjacent artery

55
Q

Give three examples of venae comitantes.

A

Brachial
Ulnar
Tibial

56
Q

Where do the left and right coronary arteries arise from?

A

Left and right aortic sinuses within the aorta

57
Q

Where are the aortic sinuses found?

A

Within the aorta behind the left and right flaps of the aortic valve

58
Q

How does blood enter the coronary arteries?

A

When the heart is relaxed backflow of blood fills the aortic sinuses allowing entry into the coronary arteries

59
Q

What is the initial branch of the left coronary artery?

A

Left anterior descending artery (LAD)

60
Q

What is another name for the LAD?

A

Anterior interventricular artery

61
Q

What does the LCA progress to become after it has branched to form the LAD?

A

Left marginal and circumflex arteries

62
Q

What does the right coronary artery branch to form anteriorly?

A

Right marginal artery

63
Q

What does the right marginal artery branch to form posteriorly?

A

Posterior interventricular artery

64
Q

Where do the cardiac veins drain?

A

Coronary sinus

65
Q

Where is the coronary sinus located?

A

Posterior surface in the coronary sulcus

66
Q

Where does the coronary sinus drain?

A

Into the right atrium

67
Q

Where is the coronary sinus opening located in the right atrium?

A

B/w the right atrioventricular orifice and the inferior vena cava orifice

68
Q

How many tributaries drain into the coronary sinus?

A

Five

69
Q

Which is the main tributary of the coronary sinus?

A

The great cardiac vein

70
Q

Describe the path of the great cardiac vein.

A

Originates at apex

Follows anterior interventricular groove into sulcus and around left side to join the coronary sinus

71
Q

Describe the path of the small cardiac vein.

A

Anterior side of heart

Passes around right side of heart to join the coronary sinus

72
Q

Where does the middle cardiac vein drain?

A

The right side of the heart

73
Q

Where is the middle cardiac vein located?

A

Posterior surface of the heart

74
Q

Where is the left marginal vein located?

A

Left posterior side

75
Q

Describe the path of the left posterior ventricular vein.

A

Located in the centre on the posterior surface

Runs along posterior interventricular sulcus to join the coronary sinus

76
Q

What regions are supplied by the right coronary artery?

A

Right atrium
SAN
AVN
Posterior part of interventricular septum

77
Q

What are the vein draining regions of the right coronary artery?

A

Small cardiac vein

Middle cardiac vein

78
Q

Which regions are supplied by the right marginal artery?

A

Right ventricle

Apex

79
Q

Which are the vein draining regions for the right marginal artery?

A

Small cardiac vein

Middle cardiac vein

80
Q

Which regions are supplied by the posterior interventricular artery?

A

Right ventricle
Left ventricle
Posterior third of interventricular septum

81
Q

What is the draining region of the posterior interventricular artery?

A

Left posterior ventricular vein

82
Q

Which regions does the left coronary artery supply?

A

Left atrium
Left ventricle
Interventricular septum
AV bundles

83
Q

What drains the left coronary artery?

A

Great cardiac vein

84
Q

What regions does the LAD supply?

A

Right ventricle
Left ventricle
Anterior 2/3 of in interventricular septum

85
Q

What drains the LAD?

A

Great cardiac vein

86
Q

What region does the left marginal artery supply?

A

Left ventricle

87
Q

What drains the left marginal artery?

A

Left marginal vein

Great cardiac vein

88
Q

Which regions are supplied by the circumflex artery?

A

Left atrium

Left ventricle

89
Q

What drains the circumflex artery?

A

Great cardiac vein

90
Q

Describe the path of the right coronary artery.

A

Right of pulmonary trunk –> coronary sulcus –> branches –> continues to posterior surface in coronary sulcus –> branches again

91
Q

What are the two branches of the right coronary artery?

A

Right marginal artery

Posterior interventricular artery

92
Q

Describe the path of the left coronary artery.

A

B/w left side of pulmonary trunk and left auricle –> divides into LAD and circumflex branch

93
Q

Describe the path of the LAD.

A

Follows the anterior interventricular groove towards the apex where it continues on the posterior surface to anastamose with the posterior interventricular branch

94
Q

Describe the path of the circumflex branch.

A

Follows coronary sulcus to the left border and onto posterior surface giving rise to left marginal artery

95
Q

Describe the path of the left marginal branch.

A

Follows left border of the heart

Semester 2 (45 decks)

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