Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Semester 2 > MoD Session 3 > Flashcards

MoD Session 3 Flashcards

0
Q

How long can chronic inflammation last?

A

From hours to days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What is chronic inflammation?

A

Chronic response to injury w/associated fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does chronic inflammation overlap with?

A

Host immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Is chronic inflammation homogenous or heterogenous?

A

Very heterogenous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does acute insult lead to chronic inflammation?

A

Acute insult –> acute inflammation –> more than slight damage –> chronic inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the result of chronic insult and more than slight damage from acute insult?

A

Repair and scarring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does chronic inflammation arise?

A

Take over form acute inflammation of damage cannot be resolved in a few days
De novo
Develop alongside acute inflammation in severe, persistent or repeated irritation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When does de novo chronic inflammation arise?

A

Some autoimmune conditions - RA
Some chronic infections - viral hepatitis
Chronic low level irritation (physical/microbiological)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What disease may cause chronic inflammation due to repeated irritation?

A

Chronic cholysytisis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the most important characteristic of chronic inflammation?

A

Type of cell present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the microscopic appearances in chronic inflammation.

A

V. variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Is chronic inflammation stereotyped?

A

Nope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where are macrophages derived from?

A

Blood monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What allows macrophages to be present in blood but not activated?

A

Various levels of activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which type of inflammation are macrophages important in?

A

Acute and chronic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the functions of macrophages?

A

Phagocytosis
Antigen presentation
Synthesis of cytokines, complement components, blood clotting factors and proteases
Control cells by cytokines release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why do macrophages have a foamy appearance?

A

Abundant ER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What type of pathogen is macrophage phagocytosis particularly useful for?

A

Difficult to kill bacteria e.g. mycobacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does the lifespan and replication of macrophages compare to that of neutrophils?

A

Live for moths and can replicate unlike neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What effects do macrophages have in chronic inflammation?

A 
Stimulate angiogenesis
Induce fibrosis
Fever
Acute phase reaction
Cachexia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Hen are lymphocytes seen?

A

Normal component of many tissues but always present in chronic inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is needed in addition to lymphocyte presence to indicate chronic inflammation?

A

Tissue damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the function of B lymphocytes?

A

Mature in bone marrow to form plasma cells to release antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the functions of T lymphocytes?

A

Process antigens
Secrete cytokines to influence inflammatory cells
Differentiate into NK cells which attack virus infected and some tumour cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Where do T lymphocytes mature?
In the bone marrow
25
What do B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes provide together?
Coordinated immune response
26
How does the chromatin in a plasma cell appear after it has been phenotypically changed from a B lymphocyte?
'Clock face' - clear background w/blobs
27
Why do plasma cells have abundant cytoplasm?
For antibody production and secretion
28
What do the presence of plasma cells imply?
Chronicity as they take a longer time to develop
29
Describe the distribution of eosinophils.
Normally present but scattered, accumulate in certain circumstances
30
What circumstances cause accumulation of eosinophils?
Parasite infestations Some tumours Immune response Allergic reactions
31
What circumstance are eosinophils predominant in?
Parasite infestations
32
What do demotactic stimuli do?
Secreted by macrophages and other inflammatory cells to recruit fibroblasts and myofibroblasts
33
What do fibroblasts and myofibroblasts secrete?
Collagen Elastin Glucosaminglycans (fibroblasts only)
34
Why do myofibroblasts differentiate?
So they can contract
35
What are the three types of giant cells?
Foreign body type Langhans Touton
36
How are small and large foreign bodies dealt with?
Small foreign bodies are engulfed | Giant cells stick to the surface of large foreign bodies
37
How are the nuclei arranged in foreign body type giant cells?
Randomly
38
How are giant cells formed?
Fusion of macrophages
39
What appearance do Langhans giant cells have?
Foamy centre w/peripheral horseshoe shared nuclei
40
What disease are Langhans cells associated with?
TB
41
What are Touton cells associated with?
Fat necrosis
42
What do Touton cells form in high lipid content?
Lesions
43
What cells are seen with Touton cells?
Foam cells
44
Which type of cells form xanthomas?
Touton
45
How are the nuclei arranged in Touton cells?
Ring towards centre
46
What is 'frustrated phagocytosis'?
Formation of giant cells
47
How is the morphology of most chronic inflammatory reactions described?
Non-specific
48
Give the main cell types present in RA, chronic gastritis and Leishmaniasis.
RA = plasma cells Chronic gastritis = lymphocytes Leishmaniasis = macrophages
49
What cell type can be used in chronic inflammation to help diagnosis?
Giant
50
What is Leishmaniasis?
Protozoal infection
51
What are the effects of chronic inflammation?
Fibrosis Impaired function Atrophy Stimulation of immune response
52
How is fibrosis caused?
Cytokines stimulate fibroblasts to produce excess fibrous tissue
53
How is fibrosis initially helpful?
Walls off infected area | Scar needed for wound healing
54
How can fibrosis be problematic?
Can replace parenchymal tissue and impair organ function
55
What determines the consequences of fibrosis?
Position
56
How does chronic cholecystitis causes fibrosis?
Repeated obstruction by gall stones --> repeat acute inflammation causing chronic inflammation --> fibrosis of gall bladder wall as the muscle thickens to try and push stone out
57
How do peptic ulcers appear?
Inflamed w/central acute inflammation causing the submucosa to be washed in acid causing pure acute inflammation
58
What can cause acute gastritis leading to peptic ulcers?
Alcohol | NSAIDs
59
What can cause chronic peptic ulcers?
Helicobacter pylori
60
What is ulceration due to in peptic ulcers?
Imbalance of acid production and mucosal defence
61
What protects the gastric mucosa?
Mucus | Prostaglandins
62
How can myofibroblasts cause further problems in chronic inflammation?
Can slowly contract
63
What disease is impaired function due to chronic inflammation seen in?
Chronic inflammatory bowel disease
64
Give three diseases in which fibrosis due to chronic inflammation is seen.
Chronic cholecystitis Peptic ulcers Cirrhosis
65
Give two examples of increased function caused by chronic inflammation.
Increased mucus secretion | Thyrotoxicosis in Grave's disease
66
Why is Crohn's said to have a 'cobblestone' appearance?
Characterised by islands of mucosa surrounded by inflammation
67
What do both Crohn's and Ulcerative Collitus result in?
Scarring
68
Give two examples of sites of atrophy caused by chronic inflammation.
Adrenal glands | Gastric mucosa
69
What happens in atrophy of gastric mucosa caused by chronic inflammation?
Thickness and density of gastric bands decrease due to lymphocyte degeneration
70
What interactions stimulate immune response in chronic inflammation?
Macrophage-lymphocyte
71
What does stimulation of the immune response in chronic inflammation attack?
Innocuous targets | Autoimmune
72
What leads to a disease process?
Stimulation of immune response by chronic inflammation
73
How do patients with idiopathic inflammatory disease affecting large and small bowel present?
Diarrhoea | Rectal bleeding
74
What are the characteristics of Ulcerative Colitis?
Superficial More likely to cause acute problems than Crohn's Causes diarrhoea and bleeding
75
What are the characteristics of Crohn's Disease?
Transmural Stricture and fistulae formation Can be considered as 'regional enteritis'
76
What two effects of chronic inflammation is cirrhosis and example of?
Fibrosis | Impaired function
77
What are common causes of cirrhosis?
``` Alcohol Infection with HBV or HCV Fatty liver disease Immunological Drugs and toxins ```
78
How does chronic inflammation lead to cirrhosis?
Fibrosis --> disorganisation of architecture --> attempt regeneration --> abnormal collagen deposits --> nodules formed disrupting bile path giving green colour
79
What causes rheumatoid arthritis?
Autoimmune localised and systemic immune response causing joint destruction
80
What effects can rheumatoid arthritis have in organs?
Beta-pleated sheet deposited causing amyloidosis
81
What produces rheumatoid factor in RA?
Lots of lymphoid tissue
82
What shows lymphoid aggregates in RA?
Fronds of synovium
83
How can the link between chronic inflammation, immune response and immune disease sometimes be described?
Overlapped and circular
84
What is granulomatous inflammation?
Chronic inflammation w/granulomas
85
What is a granuloma?
Aggregate of active macrophages
86
What is a hypersensitivity reaction?
Immunological reaction that damages self
87
What are the cells present in a foreign body granuloma?
Macrophages Foreign body cells Epitheloid (tightly packed) Some peripheral fibroblasts
88
Are lymphocytes present in foreign body granulomas?
Probably not - few if any
89
What are foreign body granulomas found around?
Not antigenic material e.g. Surgical thread causing persistent, low-grade stimulation
90
How does breakdown of an artificial joint cause fluorescence in polarised light?
Foreign material from breakdown of artificial joint --> giant cells form holes that shouldn't be in the joint --> foreign material fluoresces
91
What cells are present in a hypersensitivity/immune reaction?
``` Macrophages Langhans Epitheloid Peripheral fibroblasts Lymphocytes ```
92
What does central caseating necrosis in an immune reaction indicate?
TB
93
How does caseating necrosis damage organs?
Forms around insoluble antigenic particles and occupy parenchymal space
94
What are two idiopathic causes of granulomatous inflammation via hypersensitivity reactions?
Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis | Malakoplakia
95
What can cause granulomatous inflammation via immune reaction?
``` Fungi Sarcoids Crohn's - seen in ~50% of cases 'Cat-scratch disease' Leprosy Syphilis TB Wegener's granulomatosis ```
96
How are BCG and TB differentiated?
Look similar but BCG has no caseous necrosis
97
What does Wegener's granulomatosis affect?
Lungs | Kidneys
98
How do sarcoids present?
Common in young adult women affecting lungs and lymph with non-caseating granulomas
99
How does TB spread from the lungs?
Arrest, fibrosis and scarring in lungs Erosion --> bronchus causing bronchopneumonia and TB in GI tract Infects pleura Erodes into bloodstream
100
Why does it take 6 weeks to receive a +/-ve result for TB?
M.tuberculosis difficult and slow to culture
101
Why can M. tuberculosis survive inside macrophages?
Has mycoside wall lipids
102
Does M. tuberculosis have toxins or lyric enzymes?
Nope
103
How does TB cause scarring in lungs?
Persistence and induction of cell-mediated immunity
104
What causes miliary TB?
Many M. tuberculosis present therefore affects multiple organs
105
What causes single organ TB?
Few M. tuberculosis present
106
In miliary TB what percentage of lung tissue is taken over by granulomas?
50%
107
Which type of TB is often fatal?
Miliary

Semester 2 (45 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions