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Semester 2 > MSK Session 1 > Flashcards

MSK Session 1 Flashcards

0
Q

What is the longitudinal section parallel to?

A

Long axis of the body

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1
Q

Describe the anatomical position.

A

Face forwards
Inferior margin of orbit level w/top of external auditory meatus
Hands by sides, palms forwards
Feet and knees together, toes forwards

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2
Q

What is the transverse section perpendicular to?

A

Long axis of body

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3
Q

What is the coronal plane?

A

Slices into front and back portions - think tiara sliding down

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4
Q

What is the sagittal plane?

A

Slices into left and right segments

Parallel to median plane

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5
Q

What is the axial plane?

A

Same as transverse/horizontal plane

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6
Q

What is dorsiflexion?

A

Toes to knees

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7
Q

What is plantarflexion?

A

Toes to floor

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8
Q

What movement is inversion?

A

Outside of foot to floor (soles together)

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9
Q

What movement is eversion?

A

Inside of foot to floor (soles away from each other)

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10
Q

What movements make up circumduction?

A

Flexion –> abduction –> extension –> adduction

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11
Q

What movements make up shrugging shoulders?

A

Elevation and depression

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12
Q

What movements can the jaw make?

A

Retrusion

Protrusion

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13
Q

What movements can the scapula make?

A

Protraction - arms anterior

Retraction - arms inferior

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14
Q

What does the head of the ulna articulate with?

A

Notch of radius and styloid process of ulna

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15
Q

What is the only bone connecting the upper limb to the trunk?

A

Clavicle

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16
Q

Why do patients who have broken their clavicle support the affected arm with their other arm?

A

Trapezius can’t hold the lateral end of the clavicle due to the weight of the UL so the shoulder drops

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17
Q

Why might the clavicle appear shorter after fracture?

A

Adductor muscles of arm pull lateral fragment medially

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18
Q

What type of clavicle fracture is often seen in children?

A

Greenstick

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19
Q

Why is there little treatment for scapula fractures?

A

Covered by muscle

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20
Q

What is an impacted humeral fracture?

A

One fragment moves into the spongy bone of another fragment

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21
Q

What happens in avulsion fracture of the greater tubercle of the humerus?

A

Small part is torn away and muscles pull the UL into medial rotation

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22
Q

What happens to the proximal fragment in transverse fracture of the humerus?

A

Deltoid muscles pull it laterally

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23
Q

What causes a spiral fracture of the humeral shaft?

A

FOOSH

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24
Q

What causes an intercondylar fracture of the humerus?

A

Sever fall on flexed elbow causes the olecranon of ulna to wedge b/w medial and lateral parts of humerus condyle separating one or both of them

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25
Q

How are radius and ulna fractures usually seen?

A

Transverse at same level

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26
Q

In which third of the radius and ulna are fractures most commonly seen?

A

Middle

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27
Q

Why does fracture of one bone in the forearm usually result in dislocation of the nearest joint?

A

Interosseous membrane transmits force

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28
Q

What kind of deformity is caused by Colles fracture?

A

Dinner fork - ulna styloid projects more due to shortened radius

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29
Q

What injury can disrupt bone growth?

A

Epiphyseal plate fractures

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30
Q

What movements especially cause pain in scaphoid fracture?

A

Dorsiflexion

Abduction

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31
Q

What complication can arise due to scaphoid fracture?

A

Degenerative joint disease due to poor blood supply proximally

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32
Q

Why does hamate fracture cause decreased grip?

A

It is close to ulnar nerve so is likely to cause damage

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33
Q

What is a complication associated with hamate fracture?

A

Non-union due to too much traction

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34
Q

What do crushing injuries cause?

A

Metacarpal and phalanges fractures

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35
Q

What is boxer’s fracture?

A

Fracture of the 5th metacarpal bone

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36
Q

What innervates the pectoralis major?

A

Lateral and medial pectoral nerves

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37
Q

What are the main actions of the pectoralis major?

A

Adduct and medially rotate humerus
Move scapula anteriorly and inferiorly
Flexion and subsequent extension of humerus

38
Q

What innervates the pectoralis minor?

A

Medial pectoral nerve

39
Q

What is the main action of the pectoralis minor?

A

Stabilises scapula by drawing it inferiorly and anteriorly against the thoracic wall

40
Q

What innervates the sub-clavius muscle?

A

Nerve to subclavius

41
Q

What is the main action of the sub-clavius muscle?

A

Anchors and depresses clavicle

42
Q

What innervates the serratus anterior?

A

Long thoracic nerve

43
Q

What is the main action of the serratus anterior?

A

Protracts and rotates scapula holding it against the thoracic wall

44
Q

How many bones are there in the skeleton?

45
Q

How many of each type of bone are there?

A 
8 cranial
6 auditory ossicles
14 facial 
26 vertebral
26 thoracic cage
64 UL
62 LL
46
Q

How many bones are there in the axial skeleton?

47
Q

How does the function of the axial skeleton compare to that of the appendicular skeleton?

A

Axial is for protection and support

Appendicular is for mobility

48
Q

What is the function of the skeleton?

A 
Mineral storage
Lipid storage
Support
Protect
Shape
Movement
Haemopoiesis
49
Q

Where is lipid stored in bone?

A

Yellow marrow

50
Q

Where are minerals stored in the nine?

A

Bone matrix

51
Q

What types of bone are there?

A 
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Sesamoid
52
Q

Give a named example of a long bone.

53
Q

Give a named example of a short cuboidal bone.

54
Q

Give a named example of a flat bone.

55
Q

What type of bone are pneumatic, sinuses and mastoids?

56
Q

What type of bone is the patella?

57
Q

What is a tuberosity?

A

Roughened, rounded elevation

58
Q

What is a tubercle?

A

Small elevation

59
Q

What is a slender projection of a bone called?

A

Spine/spinous process

60
Q

What is a fissure in a bone?

A

Cleft/narrow slit

61
Q

What is the trochanter?

A

Large projection of femur

62
Q

What is a foramen?

A

Hole/opening

63
Q

What name is given to a tunnel/canal in bone anatomy?

64
Q

What is a condyle?

A

Large prominence/rounded surface

65
Q

What is a depression in a bone called?

66
Q

What is an epicondyle?

A

Smaller prominence above a condyle

67
Q

What is a sinus in bone anatomy?

A

Hollow space

68
Q

What is the name given to a large groove in bone anatomy?

69
Q

What is the name given to a ridge in bone anatomy?

70
Q

What is a facet in bone anatomy?

A

Flattened surface for joint/muscle attachment

71
Q

What are synarthrosis?

A

Fixed/immovable joints w/fibrous connective tissue

72
Q

Give three examples of synarthrosis.

A

Sutures
Gomphosis
Syndesmosis

73
Q

What is a syndemosis?

A

Interosseous membrane

74
Q

What are amphiathrosis?

A

Continuous, slightly movable cartilaginous joints

75
Q

What is a synchondrosis?

A

Primary cartilaginous joint with hyaline cartilage connecting medium (growth plate)

76
Q

What is the main example of a synchondrosis?

A

First rib and sternum

77
Q

What is a symphysis?

A

Secondary cartilaginous joint with fibrocartilaginous fusion

78
Q

Give an example of a symphysis.

A

Pubic symphysis

79
Q

What is a diathrosis?

A

Freely movable synovial joint consisting of an articular capsule (synovium), synovial fluid and articular cartilage

80
Q

What accessory structures can synovial joints have?

A

Menisci

Extrinsic/intrinsic ligaments

81
Q

What are the 6 types of synovial joint?

A 
Condyloid
Pivot
Plane
Hinge
Saddle
Ball and socket
82
Q

What movements does a condyloid synovial joint facilitate?

A

Circumduction
Adduction and abduction
Flexion and extension

83
Q

Give an example of a condyloid synovial joint.

A

Metacarpopharyngeal

84
Q

What is a pivot synovial joint?

A

Round bony process into a bony ligamentous socket that permits rotation

85
Q

Give two examples of pivot joints.

A

Atlanto-axial

Proximal radio-ulnar

86
Q

What movement does a plane synovial joint permit?

A

Gliding/sliding

87
Q

Give two examples of plane joints.

A

Intertarsal

Acromioclavicular

88
Q

What is a hinge synovial joint?

A

A joint permitting flexion and extension only such as the elbow

89
Q

What joint surfaces are present in a sadly synovial joint?

A

Concave and convex

90
Q

Give an example of a saddle joint.

A

First metacarpopharyngeal joint (thumb)

91
Q

What is a ball and socket synovial joint?

A

Rounded head into a concavity that allows movement in several axes

92
Q

What allows a compromise between stability and flexibility in a ball and socket joint?

A

How deeply set the joint is
Ligaments
Muscle tone

Semester 2 (45 decks)

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