MSK areas Flashcards
draw the brachial plexus and label
borders of the femoral triangle
medial: the medial border of adductor longus
lateral: medial border of sartorius
superior: inguinal ligament
contents of the femoral triangle
N femoral nerve
A femoral artery
V femoral vein
E empty space
L lymph nodes
femoral canal borders
medial: lacunar ligament
lateral: femoral vein
anterior: inguinal ligament
posterior: pectineus
contents of the femoral canal
lymphatic vessels, deep lymph nodes, empty space, loose connective tissue
empty vein allows for distension of the femoral vein
borders of the adductor canal
Anteromedial: Sartorius.
Lateral: Vastus medialis.
Posterior: Adductor longus and adductor magnus.
content of the adductor canal
femoral artery
femoral vein
nerve to vastus medialis
saphenous nerve
popliteal fossa
Superomedial border – semimembranosus.
Superolateral border – biceps femoris.
Inferomedial border – medial head of the gastrocnemius.
Inferolateral border – lateral head of the gastrocnemius and plantaris.
popliteal fossa contents
(medial to lateral):
Popliteal artery
Popliteal vein
Tibial nerve
Common fibular nerve (common peroneal nerve)
axilla borders
Apex – also known as the axillary inlet, it is formed by lateral border of the first rib, superior border of scapula, and the posterior border of the clavicle.
Lateral wall – formed by intertubercular groove of the humerus.
Medial wall – consists of the serratus anterior and the thoracic wall (ribs and intercostal muscles).
Anterior wall – contains the pectoralis major and the underlying pectoralis minor and the subclavius muscles.
Posterior wall – formed by the subscapularis, teres major and latissimus dorsi.
axilla contents
Axillary artery (and branches) – the main artery supplying the upper limb. It is commonly referred as having three parts; one medial to the pectoralis minor, one posterior to pectoralis minor, and one lateral to pectoralis minor. The medial and posterior parts travel in the axilla.
Axillary vein (and tributaries) – the main vein draining the upper limb, its two largest tributaries are the cephalic and basilic veins.
Brachial plexus (and branches) – a collection of spinal nerves that form the peripheral nerves of the upper limb.
Axillary lymph nodes – they filter lymphatic fluid that has drained from the upper limb and pectoral region. Axillary lymph node enlargement is a non-specific indicator of breast cancer.
Biceps brachii (short head) and coracobrachialis – these muscle tendons move through the axilla, where they attach to the coracoid process of the scapula.
Borders of the cubital fossa
The cubital fossa is triangular in shape and consists of three borders, a roof, and a floor:
Lateral border – medial border of the brachioradialis muscle.
Medial border – lateral border of the pronator teres muscle.
Superior border – horizontal line drawn between the epicondyles of the humerus.
Roof – bicipital aponeurosis, fascia, subcutaneous fat and skin.
Floor – brachialis (proximally) and supinator (distally).
contents of the cubital fossa
really need beer to be at my nicest
radial nerve
biceps tendon
brachial artery
median nerve
carpal tunnel borders
The carpal tunnel is formed by two layers: a deep carpal arch and a superficial flexor retinaculum. The deep carpal arch forms a concave surface, which is converted into a tunnel by the overlying flexor retinaculum (transverse carpal ligament).
Carpal Arch
Concave on the palmar side, forming the base and sides of the carpal tunnel.
Formed laterally by the scaphoid and trapezium tubercles
Formed medially by the hook of the hamate and the pisiform
Flexor Retinaculum
Thick connective tissue which forms the roof of the carpal tunnel.
Turns the carpal arch into the carpal tunnel by bridging the space between the medial and lateral parts of the arch.
Spans between the hook of hamate and pisiform (medially) to the scaphoid and trapezium (laterally).
hand bones
Some – Scaphoid.
Lovers – Lunate.
Try – Triquetrum.
Positions – Pisiform.
That – Trapezium.
They – Trapezoid.
Can’t – Capitate.
Handle – Hamate.
hand joints
contents of the carpal tunnel
The carpal tunnel contains a total of 9 tendons, surrounded by synovial sheaths, and the median nerve.
tendons of the carpal tunnel
The tendon of flexor pollicis longus
Four tendons of flexor digitorum profundus
Four tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis
The 8 tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus and flexor digitorum superficialis are surrounded by a single synovial sheath. The tendon of flexor pollicis longus is surrounded by its own synovial sheath. These sheaths allow free movement of the tendons.
Median Nerve
Once it passes through the carpal tunnel, the median nerve divides into 2 sensory branches:
- Palmar cutaneous- thenar muscle group
- Digital cutaneous- palmar skina nd dorsal nail beds of the lateral three and a half digits
other nervous supply to the hand
ulnar
radius
borders of the anatomical snuffbox
As the snuffbox is triangularly shaped, it has three borders, a floor, and a roof:
Ulnar (medial) border: Tendon of the extensor pollicis longus.
Radial (lateral) border: Tendons of the extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus.
Proximal border: Styloid process of the radius.
Floor: Carpal bones; scaphoid and trapezium.
Roof: Skin.
anatomical snuffbox content
cephalic vein, radial artery and superficial radial nerve branch
inguinal ligament basic structure
direct hernia- through the superficial ring (medial to the inferior epigastric vessel) –> older patients= weakness in abdominal wall
indirect hernia- through the deep ring (lateral to the inferior epigastric vessel) –> younger patients- congenital (male>female)
Mid-inguinal point –
halfway between the pubic symphysis and the anterior superior iliac spine. The femoral pulse can be palpated here.
Midpoint of the inguinal ligament
– halfway between the pubic tubercle and the anterior superior iliac spine (the two attachments of the inguinal ligament). The opening to the inguinal canal is located just above this point.
borders of the inguinal ligament
Anterior wall – aponeurosis of the external oblique, reinforced by the internal oblique muscle laterally.
Posterior wall – transversalis fascia.
Roof – transversalis fascia, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis.
Floor – inguinal ligament (a ‘rolled up’ portion of the external oblique aponeurosis), thickened medially by the lacunar ligament.
Contents of the inguinal canal
The contents of the inguinal canal include:
Spermatic cord (biological males only) – contains neurovascular and reproductive structures that supply and drain the testes. See here for more information.
Round ligament (biological females only) – originates from the uterine horn and travels through the inguinal canal to attach at the labia majora.
Ilioinguinal nerve – contributes towards the sensory innervation of the genitalia
Note: only travels through part of the inguinal canal, exiting via the superficial inguinal ring (it does not pass through the deep inguinal ring)
This is the nerve most at risk of damage during an inguinal hernia repair.
Genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve – supplies the cremaster muscle and anterior scrotal skin in males, and the skin of the mons pubis and labia majora in females.
anterior
medial- imaginary midline
lateral- anterior border of SCM
superir- lower border of mandible
posterior
inferior- 1/3 of clavicle
anterior- posterior border of SCM
posterior- anteiror border of trapezius
carotid triangle
Superior – posterior belly of the digastric muscle.
Lateral – medial border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
Inferior – superior belly of the omohyoid muscle.
