Head and neck Flashcards
embryology recap 1/2
embryology recap 2/2
congenital abnormalities of the head and neck
branchial cyst
cleft lip and palate
fetal alcohol syndrome
thryoglossal duct cyst, pyramidal love and ectopic thryoid tissue
Branchial cyst (sinus and fistulae)
Failure to obliterate any of the other pharyngeal grooves (only 1st pharyngeal groove should persists–> external auditory meatus)
Cleft lip and palate
Lateral cleft lip
- Failure of fusion of medial nasal prominence and maxillary prominence
Cleft lip and cleft palate
- Combined with failure of palatal shelves to meet in midline
Fetal alcohol syndrome
- Exposure to significant and high concentrations of alcohol in utero
- Facial skeleton develops from neural crest cells which populate the pharyngeal arches- this migration is sensitive to alcohol
- Impariment of facial skeleton development causes characteristic facial features e.g. flat midface, low nasal bridge, underdeveloped jaw
Thyroglossal duct cyst, pyramidal lobe and ectopic thyroid tissue
- Failure of duct to obliterate following decent of thyroid gland
- Relationship to tongue persists…(relevant particularly in evaluating ‘midline neck lumps’)
otosclerosis –> conductive hearing loss that can occur unilaterally.
32
- must be conductive
- gradual deterioration
cant be menieres- no vertigo, symptoms too long
presbycusis- older age
otitis media with effusion- younger air. otoscopic exam is normal (not retracted)
vestibular schwanoma- would be sensinoural
sensinoneural hearing loss due to damage of the
inner ear or vestibulocochlear nerve
conductive hearing loss related to
outer and middle ear pathology
croup
- ‘barking cough’
- temperature - infection by HiB
pathology to the vocal chords
pathology to the supraglottis
- A= right , B= left (epiglottis is anterior )
- Vagus–> internal branch of superior laryngeal
recurrent laryngeal–> motor –> supplies muscles which move vocal cords
