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PHA223 > MSK anatomy > Flashcards

MSK anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

arthralgia definition

A

joint pain in a normal joint on examination

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2
Q

arthritis definition

A

evidence of joint inflammation (swelling, deformity, effusion)

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3
Q

patient with joint pains, what must be assessed

A
  • distribution of the joints affected (symmetrical/peripheral)
  • morning stiffness
  • aggravating/relieving factors
  • PMH/FH
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4
Q

What is an articular problem with a joint?

A

pain around a single joint arising from the joint itself

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5
Q

What is a periarticular problem with a joint?

A

pain arising from structures surrounding the joint

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6
Q

enthesitis definition

A

inflammation at the site of attachment of ligaments, tendons and joint capsules

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7
Q

causes of large joint monoarthritis

A 
osteoarthrisis
gout
pseudogout
trauma
septic arthritis
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8
Q

3 types of joints

A

fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial

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9
Q

What is a fibrous joint?

A

2 bones united by fibrous tissue

immovable

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10
Q

What is a cartilaginous joint?

A

bones united by hyaline cartilage/fibrocartilage

limited movement

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11
Q

What is a synovial joint?

A

synovial capsule, membrane and cavity

moveable

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12
Q

3 types of fibrous joints

A

sutures (skull)
syndesmoses (2 bones, tibia and fibula)
gomphoses (tooth socket)

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13
Q

What is primary/synchondrosis cartilagenous joint?

A

bones united by hylaine cartilage

limited movement

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14
Q

What is secondary/symphysis cartilagenous joint?

A

2 bone ends covered with hylaine cartilage with a disc of fibrocartilage in between
limited movements

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15
Q

atypical synovial joints

A

articular surface covered with fibrocartilage

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16
Q

typical synovial joint

A

articular surface covered with hyaline cartilage

elbow, knee, shoulder

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17
Q

6 features of typical synovial joint

A
  1. bone ends covered by hyaline cartilage
  2. surrounded by a joint capsule
  3. encloses a joint cavity
  4. reinforced externally/inernally by ligaments
  5. lined by synovial fluid
  6. varying degrees of movement
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18
Q

another name for hyaline cartilage

A

articular cartilage

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19
Q

What is the capsule made from?

A

connective tissue

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20
Q

What fills the joint cavity?

A

synovial fluid

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21
Q

6 types of synovial joints

A 
plane
saddle
hinge
pivot
ball and socket
ellipsoid/condyloid
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22
Q

types of movements of synovial joints

A

monoaxial
biaxial
multiaxial

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23
Q

What is joint stability affected by?

A

joint shape
ligaments
tendons and muscles

24
Q

difference between shoulder joint and hip joint

A

both ball and socket
shoulder is more shallow (more movement)
hip is deep (less movement)

25
Q

presentation of osetoarthritis

A

painful and stiff joints

26
Q

What is eroded in ostroarthritis?

A

articular cartilage

27
Q

predisposing factors for osetoarthritis

A 
female
increasing age
obesity
occupation
joint trauma
FH
28
Q

Is there morning stiffness in osteoarthritis?

A

no

29
Q

When are osteoarthritis symptoms worse?

A

worse with activity

30
Q

pathophysiology of OA

A

degradation of cartilage and remodelling of bone due to an active response of chondrocytes in the articular cartilage and inflammatory cells in the surrounding tissues

31
Q

OA features (LOSS)

A

L - loss of joint space
O - osteophytes/formation fo bone spurs
S - sub articular sclerosis (bone thickening), increased bone density at points on contact
S - subcondral cycts

32
Q

What are osteophytes?

A

bone spurs

33
Q

Where does OA affect in the lower body?

A

hips
knees
spine - lower lumbar/cervical vertebrae

34
Q

What are Heberden nodes?

A

osteophytes at the distal interphalangeal joints

35
Q

What are Bouchard nodes?

A

osteophytes at the proximal interphalangeal joints

36
Q

What is gout?

A

a type of arthritis where crystals of uric acid form inside and around joints that cause sudden/severe joint pain

37
Q

What parts of the body does gout affect?

A

usually big toe

joints in feet, hands, wrists, elbows, knees

38
Q

features of the skin over the joint in gout

A

hot
swollen
red

39
Q

What is gouty tophi?

A

subcutaneous deposits of uric acid under the skin

40
Q

predisposing factors for gout

A 
men (x3 more)
over 40
overweight/obese
high purine diet (beer, sugar drinks, liver, seafood, anchovies)
alcohol
meds - diuretics, BP (ACEIs)
surgery/injury
FH
41
Q

What is scleroderma?

A
  • autoimmune disease
  • inflammatory
  • formation of fibrotic connective tissue
  • overproduction and accumulation of collagen
42
Q

What does scleroderma result in?

A

hard, thickened areas of skin

sometimes problems with internal organs/blood vessels

43
Q

localised scleroderma

A

affects just the skin

44
Q

morphoea scleroderma

A

discoloured, tight, shiny patches of skin anywhere on body

itchy

45
Q

linear scleroderma

A

thickened skin in lines on the face/scalp/arms/legs

can affect underlying muscle/bone

46
Q

2 main types of scleroderma

A

localised scleroderma

systemic sclerosis

47
Q

systemic sclerosis

A

can affect the blood circulation and internal organs as well as skin

48
Q

serious problems systemic sclerosis can cause

A

if heart/lungs/GIT/kidneys affected by fibrosis and inflammation

  • hypertension
  • pulmonary hpt
  • SOB
49
Q

1st visible symptoms of scleroderma

A

calcinosis (accummulation of Ca salt crystals)
Raynard’s
- damage to peripheral blood vessels

50
Q

causes of scleroderma

A
  • auto-immune system problems (RA, lupus, Sjogren’s syndrome)
  • genetics
  • environmental triggers (viral exposure, meds, chem exposure - silica dust)
51
Q

Is scleroderma more commen in men/women?

A

women

52
Q

presentation of ehlers-danlos syndrome?

A

increased range of joint movement - joint hypremobility
stretchy skin
fragile skin that breaks/bruises easily

53
Q

What does ehlers-danlos syndrome affect?

A

connective tissue

54
Q

3 types of EDS (ehlers-danlos syndrome)

A
  1. hypermobile EDS hEDS (most common)
  2. classical EDS cEDS (affects skin more)
  3. vascular EDS vEDS (rare)
55
Q

How is EDS caused by genetics?

A

gene defects which weaken connective tissue
gene inherited from 1/both parents
can be a result of spontaneous genetic mutation

56
Q

What is the most serious type of ehlers danlos syndrome (EDS)?

A

vascular EDS

PHA223 (43 decks)

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