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MSK anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

arthralgia definition

A

joint pain in a normal joint on examination

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2
Q

arthritis definition

A

evidence of joint inflammation (swelling, deformity, effusion)

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3
Q

patient with joint pains, what must be assessed

A
  • distribution of the joints affected (symmetrical/peripheral)
  • morning stiffness
  • aggravating/relieving factors
  • PMH/FH
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4
Q

What is an articular problem with a joint?

A

pain around a single joint arising from the joint itself

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5
Q

What is a periarticular problem with a joint?

A

pain arising from structures surrounding the joint

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6
Q

enthesitis definition

A

inflammation at the site of attachment of ligaments, tendons and joint capsules

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7
Q

causes of large joint monoarthritis

A 
osteoarthrisis
gout
pseudogout
trauma
septic arthritis
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8
Q

3 types of joints

A

fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial

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9
Q

What is a fibrous joint?

A

2 bones united by fibrous tissue

immovable

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10
Q

What is a cartilaginous joint?

A

bones united by hyaline cartilage/fibrocartilage

limited movement

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11
Q

What is a synovial joint?

A

synovial capsule, membrane and cavity

moveable

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12
Q

3 types of fibrous joints

A

sutures (skull)
syndesmoses (2 bones, tibia and fibula)
gomphoses (tooth socket)

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13
Q

What is primary/synchondrosis cartilagenous joint?

A

bones united by hylaine cartilage

limited movement

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14
Q

What is secondary/symphysis cartilagenous joint?

A

2 bone ends covered with hylaine cartilage with a disc of fibrocartilage in between
limited movements

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15
Q

atypical synovial joints

A

articular surface covered with fibrocartilage

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16
Q

typical synovial joint

A

articular surface covered with hyaline cartilage

elbow, knee, shoulder

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17
Q

6 features of typical synovial joint

A
  1. bone ends covered by hyaline cartilage
  2. surrounded by a joint capsule
  3. encloses a joint cavity
  4. reinforced externally/inernally by ligaments
  5. lined by synovial fluid
  6. varying degrees of movement
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18
Q

another name for hyaline cartilage

A

articular cartilage

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19
Q

What is the capsule made from?

A

connective tissue

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20
Q

What fills the joint cavity?

A

synovial fluid

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21
Q

6 types of synovial joints

A 
plane
saddle
hinge
pivot
ball and socket
ellipsoid/condyloid
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22
Q

types of movements of synovial joints

A

monoaxial
biaxial
multiaxial

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23
Q

What is joint stability affected by?

A

joint shape
ligaments
tendons and muscles

24
Q

difference between shoulder joint and hip joint

A

both ball and socket
shoulder is more shallow (more movement)
hip is deep (less movement)

25
presentation of osetoarthritis
painful and stiff joints
26
What is eroded in ostroarthritis?
articular cartilage
27
predisposing factors for osetoarthritis
``` female increasing age obesity occupation joint trauma FH ```
28
Is there morning stiffness in osteoarthritis?
no
29
When are osteoarthritis symptoms worse?
worse with activity
30
pathophysiology of OA
degradation of cartilage and remodelling of bone due to an active response of chondrocytes in the articular cartilage and inflammatory cells in the surrounding tissues
31
OA features (LOSS)
L - loss of joint space O - osteophytes/formation fo bone spurs S - sub articular sclerosis (bone thickening), increased bone density at points on contact S - subcondral cycts
32
What are osteophytes?
bone spurs
33
Where does OA affect in the lower body?
hips knees spine - lower lumbar/cervical vertebrae
34
What are Heberden nodes?
osteophytes at the distal interphalangeal joints
35
What are Bouchard nodes?
osteophytes at the proximal interphalangeal joints
36
What is gout?
a type of arthritis where crystals of uric acid form inside and around joints that cause sudden/severe joint pain
37
What parts of the body does gout affect?
usually big toe | joints in feet, hands, wrists, elbows, knees
38
features of the skin over the joint in gout
hot swollen red
39
What is gouty tophi?
subcutaneous deposits of uric acid under the skin
40
predisposing factors for gout
``` men (x3 more) over 40 overweight/obese high purine diet (beer, sugar drinks, liver, seafood, anchovies) alcohol meds - diuretics, BP (ACEIs) surgery/injury FH ```
41
What is scleroderma?
- autoimmune disease - inflammatory - formation of fibrotic connective tissue - overproduction and accumulation of collagen
42
What does scleroderma result in?
hard, thickened areas of skin | sometimes problems with internal organs/blood vessels
43
localised scleroderma
affects just the skin
44
morphoea scleroderma
discoloured, tight, shiny patches of skin anywhere on body | itchy
45
linear scleroderma
thickened skin in lines on the face/scalp/arms/legs | can affect underlying muscle/bone
46
2 main types of scleroderma
localised scleroderma | systemic sclerosis
47
systemic sclerosis
can affect the blood circulation and internal organs as well as skin
48
serious problems systemic sclerosis can cause
if heart/lungs/GIT/kidneys affected by fibrosis and inflammation - hypertension - pulmonary hpt - SOB
49
1st visible symptoms of scleroderma
calcinosis (accummulation of Ca salt crystals) Raynard's - damage to peripheral blood vessels
50
causes of scleroderma
- auto-immune system problems (RA, lupus, Sjogren's syndrome) - genetics - environmental triggers (viral exposure, meds, chem exposure - silica dust)
51
Is scleroderma more commen in men/women?
women
52
presentation of ehlers-danlos syndrome?
increased range of joint movement - joint hypremobility stretchy skin fragile skin that breaks/bruises easily
53
What does ehlers-danlos syndrome affect?
connective tissue
54
3 types of EDS (ehlers-danlos syndrome)
1. hypermobile EDS hEDS (most common) 2. classical EDS cEDS (affects skin more) 3. vascular EDS vEDS (rare)
55
How is EDS caused by genetics?
gene defects which weaken connective tissue gene inherited from 1/both parents can be a result of spontaneous genetic mutation
56
What is the most serious type of ehlers danlos syndrome (EDS)?
vascular EDS

PHA223 (43 decks)

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