corticosteroids

Question 1

hormones the hypothalamus secretes

Answer 1

oxytocin
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 2

Where are hypothalamus hormones stored?

Answer 2

in the posterior pituitary

Question 3

What does the hypothalamus do to the posterior pituitary?

Answer 3

directs it to release hormones

Question 4

What is the pituitary gland controlled by?

Answer 4

hypothalamus

Question 5

What is the pituitary gland protected by?

Answer 5

sella turcica
(bony structure)

Question 6

What is located above the pituitary gland?

Answer 6

the optic chiasm

Question 7

What does the optic chiasm do?

Answer 7

carries visual information to the brain for interpretation

Question 8

2 lobes of the pituitary

Answer 8

anterior lobe

posterior lobe

Question 9

What hormones does the pituitary secrete?

Answer 9

GH
luteinizing hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
prolactin
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
follicle-stimulating hormone

Question 10

What does GH do?

Answer 10

stimulates increase in size of muscles and bones

Question 11

What does leutinizing hormone do?

Answer 11

females - stimulates ovulation and oestrogen production

males - stimulates testosterone production

Question 12

What does adrenocorticotropic hormone do?

Answer 12

stimulates the adrenal cortex to release its hormones

Question 13

What does prolactin do?

Answer 13

stimulates milk production from the mammary glands

Question 14

What does thyroid stimulating hormone do?

Answer 14

stimulates the thyroid gland to release its hormones

Question 14

What does FSH do?

Answer 14

females - stimulates oestrogen production and maturation of the ova
males - stimulates sperm production

Question 15

Where does ACTH work?

Answer 15

adrenal cortex

Question 16

Where does GH work?

Answer 16

bones and muscles

Question 17

weight of the human adrenals?

Answer 17

8 - 10g

Question 18

composition of the adrenal gland

Answer 18

• outer cortex with 3 zones (reticularis, fasciculata and glomerulosa), produce steroids
• inner medulla that synthesises/stores/secretes catecholamines

Question 19

What system acts on the adrenal medulla?

Answer 19

sympathetic nervous system

Question 20

What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

Answer 20

adrenaline and noradrenaline

Question 21

What does the release of adrenaline cause?

Answer 21

vasodilation
tachycardia
insulin resistance

Question 22

What does the release of noradrenaline cause?

Answer 22

vasoconstriction

Question 23

What hormone from the pituitary acts on the zonae fasciculata and reticularis?

Answer 23

ACTH

Question 24

What do the zonae fasciculata and reticularis secrete?

Answer 24

androgens | cortisol

Question 25

What are androgens responsible for?

Answer 25

pubic hair and libido

Question 26

What is cortisol responsible for?

Answer 26

metabolic regulation immunomodulation cardiovascular regulation CNS actions

Question 27

What does the zona glomerulosa secrete?

Answer 27

mineralocorticoids

Question 28

What do mineralocorticoids do?

Answer 28

increase BP Na retention K wasting metabolic alkalosis

Question 29

daily secretions of cortisol

Answer 29

5 - 30mg

Question 30

daily secretions of corticosterone

Answer 30

2 - 5mg

Question 31

daily secretions of aldosterone (mineralocorticoids)

Answer 31

5 - 150mcg

Question 32

androgen hormone? and daily secretions?

Answer 32

DHEA | 15 - 30mg

Question 33

progestogen hormone and daily secretions?

Answer 33

progesterone | 0.4 - 0.8mg

Question 34

oestrogen hormone and daily secretions?

Answer 34

oestradiol | trace amounts

Question 35

symptoms of Cushing's syndrome?

Answer 35

``` euphoria buffalo hump thinning of skin thin arms/legs intracranial hpt moon face, red cheeks increased abdominal fat easy bruising poor wound healing osteoporosis increased appetite obesity increased susceptibility to infection ```

Question 36

What is cholesterol the precursor of?

Answer 36

vitamin D and bile acids

Question 37

How are steroid hormones bound in the blood?

Answer 37

to carriers

Question 38

name of the steroid carrier

Answer 38

CBG corticosteroid binding globulin

Question 39

Advantages of steroids being bound when in the blood

Answer 39

enzymatic degradation | extended half life

Question 40

How is the half life of steroids extended when bound to carriers?

Answer 40

it blocks their entry into target cells because carrier proteins are liphopholic and can't diffuse through the cell membrane

Question 41

What do steroids bind to in the target cell?

Answer 41

region in DNA called GRE (glucocorticoid response element)

Question 42

M/A of steroid when it diffuses into target cell

Answer 42

1. unbound hormone binds to cytoplasmic receptor 2. goes to nucleus where it binds to region in DNA called GRE (glucocorticoid response element) 3. interaction of steroid and GRE activated gene transcription 4. mRNA produced 5. mRNA moves to cytoplasm 6. translation produces new proteins for cell processes and alters protein synthesis to produce a biologic effect

Question 43

When are the highest/lowest levels of cortisol secretion?

Answer 43

highest - morning on waking | lowest - midnight