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PHA223 > corticosteroids > Flashcards

corticosteroids Flashcards

1
Q

hormones the hypothalamus secretes

A 
oxytocin
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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2
Q

Where are hypothalamus hormones stored?

A

in the posterior pituitary

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3
Q

What does the hypothalamus do to the posterior pituitary?

A

directs it to release hormones

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4
Q

What is the pituitary gland controlled by?

A

hypothalamus

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5
Q

What is the pituitary gland protected by?

A 
sella turcica
(bony structure)
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6
Q

What is located above the pituitary gland?

A

the optic chiasm

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7
Q

What does the optic chiasm do?

A

carries visual information to the brain for interpretation

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8
Q

2 lobes of the pituitary

A

anterior lobe

posterior lobe

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9
Q

What hormones does the pituitary secrete?

A 
GH
luteinizing hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
prolactin
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
follicle-stimulating hormone
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10
Q

What does GH do?

A

stimulates increase in size of muscles and bones

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11
Q

What does leutinizing hormone do?

A

females - stimulates ovulation and oestrogen production

males - stimulates testosterone production

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12
Q

What does adrenocorticotropic hormone do?

A

stimulates the adrenal cortex to release its hormones

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13
Q

What does prolactin do?

A

stimulates milk production from the mammary glands

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14
Q

What does thyroid stimulating hormone do?

A

stimulates the thyroid gland to release its hormones

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14
Q

What does FSH do?

A

females - stimulates oestrogen production and maturation of the ova
males - stimulates sperm production

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15
Q

Where does ACTH work?

A

adrenal cortex

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16
Q

Where does GH work?

A

bones and muscles

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17
Q

weight of the human adrenals?

A

8 - 10g

18
Q

composition of the adrenal gland

A
  • outer cortex with 3 zones (reticularis, fasciculata and glomerulosa), produce steroids
  • inner medulla that synthesises/stores/secretes catecholamines
19
Q

What system acts on the adrenal medulla?

A

sympathetic nervous system

20
Q

What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

adrenaline and noradrenaline

21
Q

What does the release of adrenaline cause?

A

vasodilation
tachycardia
insulin resistance

22
Q

What does the release of noradrenaline cause?

A

vasoconstriction

23
Q

What hormone from the pituitary acts on the zonae fasciculata and reticularis?

A

ACTH

24
Q

What do the zonae fasciculata and reticularis secrete?

A

androgens

cortisol

25
Q

What are androgens responsible for?

A

pubic hair and libido

26
Q

What is cortisol responsible for?

A

metabolic regulation
immunomodulation
cardiovascular regulation
CNS actions

27
Q

What does the zona glomerulosa secrete?

A

mineralocorticoids

28
Q

What do mineralocorticoids do?

A

increase BP
Na retention
K wasting
metabolic alkalosis

29
Q

daily secretions of cortisol

A

5 - 30mg

30
Q

daily secretions of corticosterone

A

2 - 5mg

31
Q

daily secretions of aldosterone (mineralocorticoids)

A

5 - 150mcg

32
Q

androgen hormone? and daily secretions?

A

DHEA

15 - 30mg

33
Q

progestogen hormone and daily secretions?

A

progesterone

0.4 - 0.8mg

34
Q

oestrogen hormone and daily secretions?

A

oestradiol

trace amounts

35
Q

symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome?

A 
euphoria
buffalo hump
thinning of skin
thin arms/legs
intracranial hpt
moon face, red cheeks
increased abdominal fat
easy bruising
poor wound healing
osteoporosis
increased appetite
obesity
increased susceptibility to infection
36
Q

What is cholesterol the precursor of?

A

vitamin D and bile acids

37
Q

How are steroid hormones bound in the blood?

A

to carriers

38
Q

name of the steroid carrier

A

CBG corticosteroid binding globulin

39
Q

Advantages of steroids being bound when in the blood

A

enzymatic degradation

extended half life

40
Q

How is the half life of steroids extended when bound to carriers?

A

it blocks their entry into target cells because carrier proteins are liphopholic and can’t diffuse through the cell membrane

41
Q

What do steroids bind to in the target cell?

A

region in DNA called GRE (glucocorticoid response element)

42
Q

M/A of steroid when it diffuses into target cell

A
  1. unbound hormone binds to cytoplasmic receptor
  2. goes to nucleus where it binds to region in DNA called GRE (glucocorticoid response element)
  3. interaction of steroid and GRE activated gene transcription
  4. mRNA produced
  5. mRNA moves to cytoplasm
  6. translation produces new proteins for cell processes and alters protein synthesis to produce a biologic effect
43
Q

When are the highest/lowest levels of cortisol secretion?

A

highest - morning on waking

lowest - midnight

PHA223 (43 decks)

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