MSK Flashcards
1
Q
Bone embryo
A
Axial/appendicular: mesoderm
Skull: ectoderm, neural crest
2
Q
Joint embryo
A
mesoderm
3
Q
Muscle embryo
A
mesoderm
smooth muscle: ectoderm
4
Q
Compact Bone microanatomy
A
dense portion closer to surface of bones
lamellar bone arranged in sheets
osteons contain Haversian canal w/ artery and nerves
concentric layers radiate out from osteons
lacunae contain osteocytes
osteoblast line outside of the osteons
5
Q
Spongy Bone microanatomy
A
inner portion of bone
contain trabecula, interconnected cavities, small amount of lamellar bone (sheets of cartilage), long beam like structure with bone marrow in the spaces between
6
Q
Fibrous joint microanatomy
A
fibrous connective tissue
wide sheet of connective tissue
7
Q
Cartilaginous joint microanatomy
A
hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
8
Q
Synovial joint microanatomy
A
outer fibrous capsule
inner synovial membrane: synovial fluid and blood vessels
articular cartilage (hyaline)
9
Q
Skeletal muscle microanatomy
A
epimysium-> perimysium ->fascicle -> muscle fiber -> endomysium -> myocyte -> long cylinder cells w/ multiple nuclei under sarcolemma contain t-tubules, myofibrils-> sarcomeres (actin, myosin)
10
Q
Cardiac muscle microanatomy
A
striated organized into sarcomeres, branched cells w/ 1-2 centrally located nuclei, intercalated disks (connect myocytes)
endomysium, t-tubules, sarcomere, sarcoplasmic reticulum, pacemaker cells
11
Q
Smooth Muscle microanatomy
A
thin and thick myofilaments
fusiform, one nucleus, wrapped in endomysium
no t-tubules, less sarcoplasmic reticulum, caveolae
12
Q
Where is each muscle type found?
A
skeletal: attach to bones
cardiac; heart
smooth: walls of hollow organs
13
Q
Skeletal muscle contraction
A
motor signal from brain -> spinal cord -> motor neuron release Ach -> Ach binds to receptor -> rapid shift of ion across sarcolemma -> t-tubules bring Ca into myocyte -> sarcoplasmic reticulum releases Ca into sarcoplasm -> Ca causes actin and myosin to pull in on each other -> sarcoplasmic reticulum stores ca -> muscle relaxation
14
Q
Skeletal muscle regulation
A
how long ca stays in the sarcoplasm, size of muscle, how many are contracting, how close the actin and myosin filament are to each other, how fast the muscle is contracted (slower = more force bc more myosin head can attach), somatic nervous system
15
Q
Smooth muscle contraction
A
AP depolarizes membrane -> Ca enters vis L-type Ca channels-> binds to calmodulin -> activates myosin kinase -> phosphorylates myosin heads to form cross-bridges w/ actin -> activates another smooth muscle
no ATP required and maintain low-level contraction for long periods
16
Q
Cardiac regulation
A
autorhythmicity, ANS
17
Q
Cardiac contraction
A
Ca flows gap junction -> threshold is reached -> na channels open up -> ions move across cell membrane -> ca flows into cell binding to ryanodine receptor on SR -> Ca released into cell -> bind to troponin c -> tropomyosin slide off -> actin and myosin to bind -> ca removed vi ATP or concentration gradient -> no actin and myosin binding
18
Q
Vertebrae structure
A
body arch: pedicles, laminae spinous process 2 transverse process 2 inferior articular process 2 superior articular process
19
Q
Vertebrae Colum structure
A
body gets bigger as you go down arch: pedicles, laminae spinous process 2 transverse process 2 inferior articular process 2 superior articular process Cervical 7 thoracic 12 Lumbar 5
20
Q
Vertebrae column function
A
support weight, protect spinal cord,
21
Q
Skull bone function
A
protects brain
22
Q
Skull viscerocranium structure
A
mandible, vomer, ethmoid,
2 of each maxilla, inferior nasal concha, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, palatine
23
Q
Skull neurocranium location
A
house brain, cranial meninges, blood vessels, and cranial nerves
24
Q
Skull neurocranium structure
A
frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital,
2 of each temporal and parietal
25
Pectoral girdle axioappendicular muscles structure
Anterior: pec major, pec minor, subclavius, serratus anterior
26
Pectoral girdle function
make upper limb function
27
Pectoral girdle axioappendicular muscles structure
Anterior: pec major, pec minor, subclavius, serratus anterior
Posterior: trapezius, latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, rhomboids
28
Pectoralis Major action
adduction, medial rotation, flexion of arm, extend back from flexed position
29
Pectoral girdle scapulohumeral muscles structure
teres major, deltoid, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis (SItS muscles)
30
Pectoralis Minor O, I, N
O: anterior surface of 3-5 ribs
I: coracoid process of scapula
N: medial pectoral nerve
31
Pectoralis Major action and artery
adduction, medial rotation, flexion of arm, extend back from flexed position
pectoral artery and deltoid artery
32
Subclavius O, I, N
O: 1st rib and costal cartilage
I: inferior surface of middle third of clavicle
N: nerve to subclavius (C5, C6)
33
Pectoralis Minor action and artery
stabilize scapula, deep inhalation, scapula inferior and anterior
pectoral artery
34
Serratus anterior O, I, N
O: external surface of lateral parts of the upper eight ribs
I: anterior aspect of medial border and inferior angle of scapula
N: long thoracic nerve ( C5-7)
35
Subclavius action and artery
stabilize acromioclavicular joint, anchoring and depressing clavicle
clavicular artery
36
Serratus anterior Actions and artery
protract scapula (punching), anchors scapula by holding it close to thoracic wall (push ups), cause scapula to rotate upward (arms above head)
37
Trapezius O, I, N
O: medial 1/3 of superior nuchal line, EOP, nuchal ligament, spinous processes of C7-T12
I: lateral 1/3 of clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula
N: spinal accessory nerve and anterior rami of C3-4
38
Trapezius action
elevation of scapula, retracts scapula, pulls scapula down, rotates scapula superiorly
39
Latissimus Dorsi O, I, N
O: iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia, inferior 6 thoracic vertebrae, inferior 3-4 ribs
I: floor of intertubercular groove of humerus
N: thoracodorsal nerve
40
Latissimus Dorsi action
extends and medially rotates humerus, adducts humerus
41
Levator scapulae O, I, N
O: posterior tubercles of transverse process of C1-C4
I: medial border of scapula, superior to root of scapular spine
N: dorsal scapular nerve, anterior rami of C3-4
42
Levator scapulae O, I, N
first 4 -2-2-4 RULE
O: posterior tubercles of transverse process of C1-C4
I: medial border of scapula, superior to root of scapular spine
N: dorsal scapular nerve, anterior rami of C3-4
43
Rhomboids minor O, I, N
4-2-2 C7 &T1 -4 RULE
O: nuchal ligament, spinous process of C7-T1
I: medial border of scapula at spine of scapula
N: dorsal scapular nerve
44
Rhomboids action
scapular retraction, downward rotation of scapula, assist serratus anterior in holding scapula against thoracic wall
45
Rhomboids major O, I, N
4-2-2-4 RULE where this is last 4
O: spinous process of T2-5
I: medial border of inferior scapula to spine of scapula
N: dorsal scapular nerve
46
Deltoid O, I, N
O: spine of scapula, acromion process, and lateral 1/3 of clavicle
I: deltoid tuberosity of humerus
N: axillary nerve
47
Deltoid action
arm abduction, extension, lateral rotation, abduction, flexion, and medial rotation
48
Teres major O, I, N
O: posterior surface of inferior angle of scapula
I: medial lip of intertubercular groove of humerus
N: lower subscapular nerve
49
Teres Major action
adduction and medial rotation
50
Supraspinatus O, I, N
O: supraspinous fossa of scapula
I: superior facet of the greater tubercle of the humerus
N: suprascapular nerve
51
Supraspinatus action
abduction
52
Infraspinatus O, I, N
O: infraspinous fossa of the scapula
I: middle facet of the greater tubercle of the humerus
N: suprascapular nerve
53
Infraspinatus O, I, N
O: infraspinous fossa of the scapula
I: middle facet of the greater tubercle of the humerus
N: suprascapular nerve
54
Infraspinatus action
rotates arm laterally
55
Teres minor O, I, N
O: middle part of lateral border of the scapula
I: inferior facet of the greater tubercle of the humerus
N: axillary nerve
56
Teres minor action
rotates arm laterally
57
Subscapularis O, I, N
O: subscapular fossa
I: lesser tubercle of humerus
N: upper and lower subscapular nerve
58
Subscapularis action
medial rotation
59
Quadrangular space
boarders: teres minor, teres major, long head of triceps brachii, shaft of humerus
Contents: axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral artery
60
Triangular space
Borders: teres minor, long head of triceps brachii, teres major,
contents: circumflex scapular artery
61
Upper extremity structure
```
pectoral girdle: clavicle and scapula
arm: humerus
forearm: radius ulna
Wrist: Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Hamate, Capitate, Trapezoid, Trapezium
Hand: 5 metacarpal, 5 dips, and 4 pips
```
62
Upper extremity function
move arm, pick up things, walking
63
Pelvic girdle structure
pelvis (ilium, ischium, pubis)
sacrum
coccyx
64
Pelvic girdle function
transfer weight when sitting or standing
attachment points for muscles of locomotion and posture
support and protection of abdominopelvic structures
65
Lower extremity structure
```
Pelvis, sacrum, coccyx
femur
tibia
fibula
patella
calcaneus, talus, cuboid, navicular, cuneiform
5 metatarsals
5 proximal, 4 middle, 5 distal
```
66
Lower extremity function
locomotion
67
radiocarpal joint structure
condyloid type of synovial joint, joint capsule
radius, scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum
reinforced by palmar ligaments (distal radius to two rows of carpal bones), dorsal radiocarpal ligaments, ulnar collateral, radial collateral
Muscles: flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpi radialis, extensor carpi radialis longus, abductor pollicis longus, and extensor carpi radialis brevis
68
radiocarpal joint innervation/blood supply
dorsal and palmar carpal arches
| median, ulnar, radial nerve
69
radiocarpal joint function
flex, extend, radially deviate, ulnar deviate
70
intercarpal joints structure
plane type of synovial joint
| carpal bones
71
intercarpal joints innervation
median, ulnar, radial nerve
72
intercarpal joints function
augment motion of radiocarpal joint
73
Carpometacarpal Joints structure
carpal and metacarpal
1st is saddle type
2-5 plane type synovial
74
Carpometacarpal Joints innervation
median, ulnar, radial nerve
75
Carpometacarpal Joints function
movement of thumb
76
Intermetacarpal joints structure
bw two metacarpals
77
Intermetacarpal joints innervation
median, ulnar, radial nerve
78
Metacarpophalangeal joints structure
metacarpal and proximal phalanges
| condyloid synovial joints surrounded by joint capsule
79
Metacarpophalangeal joints innervation
median, ulnar, radial nerve
80
Metacarpophalangeal joints function
adduction, flexion, and extension
81
Interphalangeal joints function
flexion and extension
82
Interphalangeal joints structure
proximal and middle phalanges or middle and distal phalanges
| hinge type of synovial joint
83
Interphalangeal joints innervation
median, ulnar, radial nerve
84
Sternoclavicular joint structure
clavicular notch of the manubrium, medial end of clavicle, and first costal cartilage
saddle synovial and fibrous capsule
surrounded by anterior & posterior sternoclavicular ligament, interclavicular lig, and costoclavicular lig
85
Sternoclavicular joint innervation
medial supraclavicular nerve and nerve to subclavius
86
Sternoclavicular joint function
connection between the axial skeleton and the upper limb
87
Acromioclavicular joints structure
lateral end of clavicle and tip of acromion
plane type joint and fibrous capsule
attached by: acromioclavicular lig, conoid lig, trapezoid lig,
88
Acromioclavicular joints innervation
articular branches of the suprascapular, axillary, and lateral pectoral nerves
89
Acromioclavicular joints function
scapula to the clavicle and serves as the main articulation that suspends the upper extremity from the trunk, allow the scapula additional range of rotation on the thorax
90
Glenohumeral joint structure
ball and socket
humerus and glenoid cavity, glenoid labrum, joint capsule w/ internal synovial lining, sub-acromial bursa and sub-tendinous bursa of the subscapularis
reinforced by: coracohumeral lig, coracoacromial lig, and glenohumeral ligaments
Rotator cuff: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis
91
Glenohumeral joint innervation
N: axillary, suprascapular, lateral pectoral
blood: anterior and posterior circumflex humeral a, suprascapular a
92
Humero-ulnar joint structure
Hinge type bw trochlea and trochlear notch of ulna, joint capsule, subcutaneous olecranon bursa, subtendinous olecranon bursa, intratendinous olecranon bursa, bicipitoradial bursa
Reinforced by: ulnar collateral lig,
93
Humero-ulnar function
extends and flexion
94
Humero-ulnar innervation
musculocutaneous and ulnar
95
Humero-radial joint structure
hinge type bw capitulum and head of radius
joint capsule, subcutaneous olecranon bursa, subtendinous olecranon bursa, intratendinous olecranon bursa, bicipitoradial bursa
96
Humero-radial joint function
extends and flexion
97
Humero-radial joint innervation
musculocutaneous and radial
98
proximal radioulnar joint structure
pivot type w/ head of radius and radial notch of ulna, annular lig, elbow joint capsule
99
proximal radioulnar joint function
pronation and supination
100
distal radioulnar joint structure
pivot type ulnar notch of radius and head of ulna, bound by articular disc, anterior & posterior lig
101
proximal radioulnar joint innervation
Median, musculocutaneous, radial and ulnar nerves
102
distal radioulnar joint innervation
Anterior and posterior interosseous nerves
103
Joint of vertebral bodies structure
symphyses bw articulating surfaces by intervertebral discs
104
Joint of vertebral bodies function
aid in weight bearing, provided strength, shock absorbers, limited movement
105
Joint of vertebral bodies structure
symphyses bw articulating surfaces by intervertebral discs maintained by anterior longitudinal lig and posterior longitudinal lig
106
Zygapophyseal joints structure
synovial joint bw superior and inferior articular processes surrounded by thin joint capsule
attached by: ligamenta flava, interspinous, supraspinous, and intertransverse lig
107
Zygapophyseal joints function
gliding movements
108
Altlanto-occipital joint structure
synovial lateral masses of atlas and occipital condyles connected by anterior atlanto-occipital membrane and posterior atlanto-occipital membrane
109
Altlanto-occipital joint function
extension, flexion, small amount of lateral flexion and rotation
110
Zygapophyseal joints innervation
medial branch from the spinal nerve above the facet and the nerve below
111
Atlanto-occipital joint structure
synovial lateral masses of atlas and occipital condyles connected by anterior atlanto-occipital membrane and posterior atlanto-occipital membrane
112
Atlanto-occipital joint function
extension, flexion, small amount of lateral flexion and rotation
113
Atlanto-occipital joint innervation
C1 spinal nerve
114
Atlanto-axial joint Structure
plane type, inferior facets of lateral masses of atlas and superior facets of the axis
pivot joint bw dens and facet on posterior surface of the anterior arch of atlas, transverse ligament of atlas
cruciate lig, alar lig, tectorial membrane
115
Atlanto-axial joint function
moving head side to side
116
Atlanto-axial joint innervation
Ventral primary ramus of the second cervical spinal nerve
117
Superior tibiofibular joint structure
plane joint w/ articular fact of fibular head and articular facet on lateral tibial condyle, joint capsule
118
Superior tibiofibular joint function
stability ankle joint and weight bearing
119
Superior tibiofibular joint innervation
common fibular nerve (recurrent branch) and popliteus muscle
120
Inferior tibiofibular joint structure
fibrous joint bw fibula and fibular notch of tibia held together by deep interosseous tibiofibular ligament, anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligament , inferior transverse ligament
121
Inferior tibiofibular joint function
stability and weight bearing
122
Inferior tibiofibular joint innervation
deep fibular and sural nerves
123
Tibiotalar joint structure
hinge joint bw lateral malleolus of fibula, medial malleolus of tibia, and body/trochlea of talus bounded by anterior talofibular lig, posterior talofibular lig, calcaneofibular lig, medial lig
124
Tibiotalar joint function
dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
125
Tibiotalar joint innervation
tibial and deep fibular nerve
126
Subtalar joint structure
synovial joint bw posterior calcaneal articular surface of talus and posterior articular facet of calcaneus
127
Subtalar joint function
inversion, eversion
128
Transverse tarsal joint structure
synovial saddle joint talonavicular (talus and navicular) and calcaneocuboid (calcaneous and cuboid) joint
129
Transverse tarsal joint function
inversion and eversion
130
Transverse tarsal joint innervation
Talonavicular joint: deep fibular nerve, medial plantar nerve
Calcaneocuboid joint: deep fibular nerve, sural nerve, lateral plantar nerve
131
Intertarsal joint structure
Cuboideonavicular joint : cuboid, navicular dorsal, plantar, interosseus ligaments
Naviculocuneiform joint: navicular and cuneiform, dorsal, plantar ligaments
Intercuneiform and cuneocuboid joint: cuneiform, cuboid, dorsal, plantar, interosseus ligaments
132
Intertarsal joint function
gliding, rotation
133
Intertarsal joint innervation
Cuboideonavicular joint: deep fibular, medial plantar, lateral plantar nerves
Naviculocuneiform: deep fibular, medial plantar, lateral plantar nerves
Intercuneiform and cuneocuboid: deep fibular, medial plantar, lateral plantar nerves
134
Tarsometatarsal joints structure
bw tarsal and metatarsal bones, dorsal tarsometatarsal, plantar tarsometatarsal, interosseus cuneometatarsal ligaments
135
Tarsometatarsal joints function
flexion, extension, abduction, rotation
136
Tarsometatarsal joints innervation
deep fibular, medial plantar, lateral plantar nerves
137
Metatarsophalangeal joint structure
bw metatarsal and phalanges, plantar ligaments, deep transverse metatarsophalangeal ligaments, collateral ligaments
138
Metatarsophalangeal joint innervation
plantar interdigital, medial dorsal cutaneous, deep fibular nerve
139
interphalangeal joint structure
bw 2 phalanges, collateral ligaments
140
interphalangeal joint innervation
plantar interdigital nerves
141
Temporomandibular joint structure
modified synovial hinge joint bw mandibular fossa, articular tubercle, and head of mandible
Lig: lateral temporomandibular, sphenomandibular, stylomandibular
142
Temporomandibular joint function
protrusion, retrusion, elevation, depression, lateral deviation
143
Temporomandibular joint innervation
trigeminal nerve
144
Temporalis O & I
O: temporal fossa, deep surface of temporal fascia
I: coronoid process of mandible anterior border of ramus
145
Temporalis A & N
A: elevates and retrudes
N: deep temporal nerve
146
Masseter O & I
O: zygomatic arch, maxillary process of zygomatic bone
I: angle and lateral surface of ramus of mandible
147
Masseter A & N
A; elevates mandible, protrusion
N: masseteric
148
Medial pterygoid O & I
O: medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate, pyramidal process of palatine bone, tuberosity of maxilla
I: medial surface of ramus & angle of mandible
149
Medial pterygoid A & N
A: protrusion, side to side grinding
N: medial pterygoid
150
Lateral pterygoid O & I
Superior
O: infratemporal surface & crest of greater wing of sphenoid bone
I: joint capsule, articular disc
Inferior:
O: lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate
I: pterygoid fovea on neck of mandible
151
Lateral pterygoid A & N
A; depression, lateral chewing movements
N: lateral pterygoid
152
Tibiofemoral joint Structure
synovial hinge joint bw lateral and medial condyles of femur, tibial plateaus
lig: patellar ligament, medial and lateral patellar retinacula, tibial (medial) collateral ligament, fibular (lateral) collateral ligament, oblique popliteal ligament, arcuate popliteal ligament, anterolateral ligament (ALL), anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), medial meniscus, lateral meniscus
153
Tibiofemoral joint Function
flexion and extension
154
Tibiofemoral joint innervation
Femoral, tibial, common fibular, and posterior division of the obturator
155
Tibiofemoral joint Structure
synovial hinge joint bw lateral and medial condyles of femur, tibial plateaus
lig: patellar ligament, tibial (medial) collateral ligament, fibular (lateral) collateral ligament, oblique popliteal ligament, arcuate popliteal ligament, anterolateral ligament (ALL), anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), medial meniscus, lateral meniscus
156
Tibiofemoral joint Structure
synovial hinge joint bw lateral and medial condyles of femur, tibial plateaus
lig: patellar ligament, tibial (medial) collateral ligament, fibular (lateral) collateral ligament, oblique popliteal ligament, arcuate popliteal ligament, anterolateral ligament (ALL), anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), medial meniscus, lateral meniscus
Bursae: infrapatellar bursa, deep infrapatellar bursa, suprapatellar bursae, popliteus bursa, anserine bursa, gastrocnemius bursa
157
Tibiofemoral joint Function
flexion and extension
158
Patellofemoral joint innervation
Femoral, tibial, common fibular, and posterior division of the obturator
159
Patellofemoral joint structure
plane joint bw patellar surface of femur, posterior surface of patella, suprapatellar fat pad
lig: patellar ligament, lateral patellofemoral ligament
bursae: subcutaneous prepatellar bursa, infrapatellar bursa
160
Patellofemoral joint function
flexion and extension
161
Hip joint structure
synovial ball and socket bw head of femur covered in articular cartilage and acetabulum of pelvis, acetabular labrum, fibrous capsule, fat pad
lig: ligament of the head of the femur, transverse acetabular, iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral
162
Hip joint function
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation, circumduction
163
Hip joint innervation
femoral, sciatic, obturator, superior gluteal
164
Ocipitofrontalis O & I
Frontal
O: epicranial aponeurosis
I: on skin superior to eyes
Occipital
O: superior nuchal line
I: epicranial aponeurosis
165
Ocipitofrontalis O & I
Frontal
O: epicranial aponeurosis
I: on skin superior to eyes
Occipital
O: superior nuchal line
I: epicranial aponeurosis
166
Orbicularis Oculi O&I
O: medial palperbral ligament and medial orbital margin and medial palpebral ligament
I: lateral palpebral ligament, and skin around orbit
167
Orbicularis Oculi N & A
N; temporal nerve and zygomatic
A: close eyelids gently and tightly
168
Orbicularis Oculi N & A
N; temporal nerve and zygomatic
A: close eyelids gently and tightly
169
Corrugator supercilii O & I
O: medial part of superciliary arch
I: skin of medial half of eyebrow
170
Corrugator supercilii N & A
N: temporal nerve
A: vertical wrinkles at root of nose
171
Procerus O & I
O: nasal bone
I: lower part of forehead bw eyebrows
172
Procerus N & A
N: zygomatic
A: depresses medial ends of eyebrows and creates transverse wrinkles
173
Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi O & I
O: frontal process of maxilla
I: upper lip and alar cartilage of nose
174
Levator labii superioris alaeque nasiN & A
N: zygomatic
A: flares nostrils & raise upper lip
175
Nasalis O & I
O: maxilla
I: midline aponeurosis or alar cartilage
176
Nasalis N & A
N: zygomatic
A: narrow or flare nostril
177
Orbicularis oris O & I
O: maxilla, mandible, modiolus
I: mucous membranes of lip
178
Orbicularis oris N & A
N: buccal
A: close mouth or protrude lips
179
Risorius O & I
O: parotid fascia & buccal skin
I: modiolus
180
Risorius N & A
N: zygomatic and buccal
A: retracts corner of mouth
181
Levator anguli oris O & I
O: infraorbital maxilla
I: modiolus
182
Levator anguli oris N & A
N: zygomatic and buccal
A: raises corners of mouth
183
Levator labii superioris O & I
O: infraorbital margin of maxilla
I: skin of upper lip
184
Levator labii superioris N & A
N: zygomatic and buccal
A: Elevates upper lip, exposes maxillary teeth
185
Zygomaticus major O & I
O: zygomatic bone
I: modiolus
186
Zygomaticus major N & A
N: zygomatic and buccal
A: elevates corner of mouth
187
Zygomaticus minor O & I
O: zygomatic bone
I: skin of upper lip
188
Zygomaticus minor N & A
N: zygomatic and buccal
A: Elevates upper lip, exposes maxillary teeth
189
Depressor anguli oris O & I
O: base of mandible
I: modiolus
190
Depressor anguli oris N & A
N: marginal mandibular
A: pulls corner of mouth downward, dilators of mouth
191
Depressor labii inferioris O & I
O: anterolateral body of mandible and platysma
I: skin of lower lip
192
Depressor labii inferioris N & A
N: marginal mandibular
A: pulls lower lip downward, dilators of mouth
193
Mentalis O & I
O: body of mandible
I: skin of chin
194
Mentalis N & A
N: marginal mandibular
A: elevates and protrudes lower lip
195
Platysma O & I
O: suprascapular, intrascapular, subcutaneous tissue
I: base of mandible
196
Platysma N & A
N: cervical
A: depresses mandible and draws corners of mouth down, tense skin of lower face & neck
197
Buccinator O & I
O: alveolar processes of maxilla & mandible, pterygomandibular raphe
I: modiolus
198
Buccinator N & A
N: buccal nerve
A: press cheek against teeth
199
Osteomalacia def
defective mineralization of osteoid in adults
200
Osteomalacia cause
deficiency or impaired metabolism of Vit D, phosphate, calcium
intestinal malabsorption, ↓ UV light, medications, liver and kidney disease
201
Rickets def
defectives mineralization of cartilaginous growth plates in children
202
Rickets cause
deficiency or impaired metabolism of Vit D, phosphate, calcium
intestinal malabsorption, ↓ UV light, medications, liver and kidney disease
203
Osteomalacia path
↓ Vit D -> ↓ serum Ca -> ↑ PTH -> ↑ osteoblast activity -> ↓ PO4
204
Osteomalacia comp
fracture, kidney failure
205
Osteomalacia clinical
diffuse bone and joint pain, proximal muscle weakness, bone fragility, ↑ fracture risk, muscle spams, numbness
X ray - Osteopenia and Looser zones/ pseudofractures
206
Rickets path
↓ Vit D -> ↓ serum Ca -> ↑ PTH -> ↑ osteoblast activity -> ↓ PO4
207
Rickets RF
not enough sunlight, dark skin, premature birth, meds
208
Rickets comp
fracture, failure to grow, bone deformities
209
Rickets clinical
diffuse bone and joint pain, proximal muscle weakness, bone fragility, ↑ fracture risk, muscle spams, numbness, craniotabes, delayed closure of fontanelles, genu varum, prominent frontal bone, protruding abdomen, rachitic rosary
X ray - Epiphyseal widening and metaphyseal cupping/fraying
210
Scurvy def/cause
deficiency of vitamin C
211
Scurvy path
Lack of vitamin C decreases transcription of pro-collagen
212
Scurvy comp
depression, recurrent infections, microcytic anemia
213
Scurvy clinical
swollen gums, bruising, petechiae, hemarthrosis, anemia, poor wound healing, perifollicular and subperiosteal hemorrhages, and corkscrew hair
214
Ankylosing spondylitis def
chronic inflammatory disease that affects the vertebral joint making the spine stiff
215
Ankylosing spondylitis cause
Autoimmune, HLA-B27
216
Ankylosing spondylitis path
MCH class 1 w/ HLA-B27 -> cell sample -> CD8 T cell -> release TNF-a and IL-1 -> inflammation of intervertebral joints and facet joints -> destroy joints -> fibroblast replace joint w/ fibrin -> osteoblast activate
217
Ankylosing spondylitis RF
< 30, women, smoking , FH, whites,
218
Ankylosing spondylitis comp
aortic regurgitation, enthesitis, anterior uveitis
219
Ankylosing spondylitis clinical
weight, loss, fever, fatigue, buttock pain, neck or back pain + stiffness, SOB,
bamboo spine
220
Bursitis def
Inflammation of bursa
221
Bursitis cause
overuse, trauma, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, scleroderma, SLE, gout, bacterial infx
222
Bursitis path
inflammation of bursa -> ↑ production of synovial fluid -> enlargement of bursa -> ↑ friction during movement -> symptomatology
223
Bursitis RF
aging, repetitive motions, injuries to bursa
224
Bursitis comp
muscle atrophy,
225
Bursitis clinical
joint pain, stiffness, tenderness, pain, swelling
| chronic swelling w/ minimal pain
226
Fibromyalgia def
chronic condition causing pain
227
Fibromyalgia cause
genetic, child abuse
228
Fibromyalgia path
problem w/ pain signals, ↓ serotonin, ↑ substance p and nerve growth factor -> hypersensitivity to pain
229
Fibromyalgia RF
Females 20-50YO
230
Fibromyalgia clinical
Chronic widespread MSK pain associated with tender point stiffness, paresthesia, poor sleep, fatigue, cognitive fibro fog
231
Gout def
urate crystals in joint
232
Gout cause
hyperuricemia, high purine diet, dehydration, alcohol, chemo, genetics, chronic kidney disease, thiazide diuretics and aspirin
233
Gout path
monosodium urate crystals deposit in joint -> inflammation
234
Gout RF
obesity, diabetes
235
Gout comp
joint damage and deformity, kidney disease, tophi, kidney stones
236
Dermatomyositis def
inflammatory disorder of skin and muscles
237
Dermatomyositis cause
autoimmune, HLA-DR3 or HLA-DR5
238
Dermatomyositis path
immune cells confuse normal muscle and skin proteins w/ foreign antigen, autoantibodies to capillary endothelial cells or soluble antigens from damage skin and muscle deposited in BM-> activation of complement -> damage
239
Dermatomyositis RF
genetics
240
Dermatomyositis comp
Respiratory, heart, esophageal disease and cancer
241
Dermatomyositis clinical
bilateral weakness, muscle atrophy, pain, tenderness of proximal muscles
dysphagia
purple rash on upper eyelids, shoulder, upper chest, and back or malar rash (butterfly on face)
flat, red, scaly papules over back of finger, elbow, knees (Gottron's sign)
242
Dermatomyositis clinical
bilateral weakness, muscle atrophy, pain, tenderness of proximal muscles
dysphagia
(Heliotrope rash) purple rash on upper eyelids, shoulder, upper chest, and back or malar rash (butterfly on face)
flat, red, scaly papules over back of finger, elbow, knees (Gottron's sign)
243
Polymyositis def
inflammation of many muscles
244
Polymyositis cause
autoimmune
245
Polymyositis path
CD8 inappropriately react to normal muscle proteins (look like foreign) tRNA synthases, Mi-2, components of signal recognition particle -> apoptosis
246
Polymyositis RF
autoimmune conditions
247
Polymyositis comp
esophagus involvement
248
Polymyositis clinical
bilateral muscle weakness and wasting, affect large proximal muscles, tender muscles
249
Polymyalgia Rheumatica (PMR) def
muscle pain and joint stiffness
250
Polymyalgia Rheumatica (PMR) cause
autoimmune, genetic HLA-DR4
251
Polymyalgia Rheumatica (PMR) path
inflammation of tendons and bursae
252
Polymyalgia Rheumatica (PMR) RF
Women >50YOO
253
Polymyalgia Rheumatica (PMR) comp
giant cell arteritis -> vision loss
254
Polymyalgia Rheumatica (PMR) clinical
fever, fatigue, weight loss,
pain and stiffness of shoulder or hip starting on one-side progresses to both w/in weeks, worse at night and morning, improve w/ movement,
255
Reactive Arthritis (Reiter Syndrome) def
inflammation of a joint after STI or gastroenteritis
256
Reactive Arthritis (Reiter Syndrome) cause
Autoimmune, Chlamydia, Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, Campylobacter, E. Coli (gram neg, endotoxin)
HLA-B27
257
Reactive Arthritis (Reiter Syndrome) RF
genetics, multiple sexual partners, eating contaminated food
258
Reactive Arthritis (Reiter Syndrome) comp
Reiter syndrome (joint swelling, urethritis, and conjunctivitis), cervicitis, pericarditis, keratoderma blenorrhagicum
259
Reactive Arthritis (Reiter Syndrome) clinical
pain and swelling of large joint
260
Tendonitis def
inflammation of tendon
261
Tendonitis cause
overuse, overload
262
Tendonitis RF
repetitive movement, trauma, thermal injury to the tendon, use of certain antibiotics (such as levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin), and smoking
263
Tendonitis comp
rupture, contractures, adhesions, muscle wasting, disability
264
Tendonitis clinical
pain in the tissues surrounding a joint
265
Osteopetrosis def
osteoclast dysfunction leading to bone hardening
266
Osteopetrosis cause
Genetic: autosomal recessive osteopetrosis and autosomal dominant osteopetrosis
267
Osteopetrosis path
ARO: mutation in CA2 gene encoding carbon anhydrase which osteoclasts fail to reabsorb cone because acidic environment requires -> imbalance bw bone formation and reabsorption -> excess bone formation
ADO: mutation in chloride channel & gene associated w/ renal tubular acidosis -> deficiency of carbonic anhydrase in kidney
268
Osteopetrosis RF
genetic
269
Osteopetrosis comp
ARO: death,
ADO: pathologic fractures, osteoarthritis
270
Osteopetrosis clinical
ARO: failure to thrive, osteomyelitis of mandible, cranial nerve compression, dental abnormalities, hydrocephalus, hepatosplenomegaly, weakness, fatigue, pallor, bruising, hemorrhage, recurrent infections
ADO: asyx, vison loss, hearing loss, cranial nerve compression,
271
Marfan Syndrome def
defective connective tissue
272
Marfan Syndrome cause
genetic, autosomal dominant
273
Marfan Syndrome path
mutation in FBN1 on chromosome 15 -> fibrillin-1 is dysfunctional or less abundant -> fewer functional microfibrils and TGF-B doesn't get destroyed -> less tissue elasticity and integrity and more tissue growth
274
Marfan Syndrome RF
FH,
275
Marfan Syndrome comp
retinal detachment -> lens dislocation (upward)
pneumothorax
aortic valve insufficiency, aortic aneurysm or dissection or rupture, mitral valve prolapse
276
Muscular Dystrophy def
muscle poorly nourished leading to muscle weakness
277
Muscular Dystrophy cause
genetic mutation in dystrophin gene
278
Muscular Dystrophy cause
genetic mutation in dystrophin gene on X chromosome recessive
279
Muscular Dystrophy path
nonsense or frameshift mutation causing no dystrophin = Duchenne
missense mutation causing misshapen dystrophin = Becker
dystrophin stabilizes sarcolemma -> cell death -> fat
280
Muscular Dystrophy RF
males, FH,
281
Muscular Dystrophy comp
short life span
282
Muscular Dystrophy clinical
waddling gait, calf pseudohypertrophy, Gower's sign (using hand to get up from ground), immobilization, scoliosis, respiratory failure, dilated cardiomyopathy, arrhythmias
283
Osteogenesis Imperfecta def
brittle bones prone to fractures
284
Osteogenesis Imperfecta cause
impaired type I collagen synthesis, autosomal dominant
285
Osteogenesis Imperfecta path
mutation of COL1A1 or COL1A2 -> misfolding of collagen proteins, loss of function -> bone loss, fragility
286
Osteogenesis Imperfecta RF
FH,
287
Osteogenesis Imperfecta comp
type II leads to death
| hearing loss
288
Osteogenesis Imperfecta clinical
pathologic fractures w/ minimal/no trauma, malformations, short stature, scoliosis, skull malformations, blue discoloration/translucency of sclera, exposure of choroidal veins, hearing loss, dentinogenesis imperfecta, easy bruising, hypermobility
289
Osteoarthritis (OA)/
Degenerative Joint
Disease (DJD) def
inflammation of bone and synovial joints
290
Osteoarthritis (OA)/
Degenerative Joint
Disease (DJD) cause
loss of articular cartilage
291
Osteoarthritis (OA)/
Degenerative Joint
Disease (DJD) RF
Age, Female, Obesity, Joint trauma, inflammation,
292
Osteoarthritis (OA)/
Degenerative Joint
Disease (DJD) comp
bone death, stress fractures
293
Osteoarthritis (OA)/
Degenerative Joint
Disease (DJD) clinical
Pain in weight-bearing joints after use, improving with rest, morning stiffness, sharp ache, burning, no swelling of joints
Asymmetric joint involvement
HEBERDEN NODES AT DIP
BOUCHARD NODES AT PIP
294
Osteoarthritis (OA)/
Degenerative Joint
Disease (DJD) path
articular cartilage damage -> chondrocytes make more type II collagen -> switch to type I collagen -> decreased elasticty -> chondrocytes become over worked and die -> leaving debris that type A attempt to remove -> macrophage and lymphocytes recruited -> proinflammatory cytokines causing inflammation -> cracks in bone form
295
Osteoporosis def
imbalance between bone formation, bone resorption -> decreased bone density, pathologic fractures
296
Osteoporosis cause
↓ estrogen and old age, Drugs (steroids, alcohol, anticonvulsants, anticoag, thyroid replacement)
Hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroid, multiple myeloma, malabsorption syndromes, anorexia, turner syndrome, hyperprolactinemia, Klinefelter syndrome, Cushing syndrome, DM
297
Osteoporosis path
higher breakdown of bone than formation of bone
298
Osteoporosis RF
genetic, nutrition, estrogen and androgen levels , exercise, age
299
Osteoporosis comp
```
Vertebral compression fractures
Loss of height
Kyphosis
Femoral neck fractures
Distal radius (colles) fracture
```
300
Osteoporosis clinical
asx, pathological fracture of vertebral column (loss of height, kyphosis, sudden back pain, radicular pain, cauda equina) and hips, chronic pain
301
Paget Disease def
disorder w/ a lot of bone remodeling, excessive bone resorption and growth
302
Paget Disease cause
Measles, SQSTM1 mutation
303
Paget Disease path
osteoclast aggressively demineralize bone while rapid, disorganized proliferation of new bone tissue by osteoblasts, collagen deposited unorganized -> osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast -> weak bone -> osteoblast stop
304
Paget Disease RF
men, FH, >50
305
Paget Disease comp
osteosarcoma
306
Paget Disease clinical
asymptomatic
impinge on nerves causing pain
overgrow of face (leontiasis, hearing loss, vision loss)
kyphosis, lower limb muscle weakness, pelvic asymmetry, bowlegs
307
Avascular Necrosis def
blood supply to the area has been cut off leading to damage
308
Avascular Necrosis cause
glucoCorticoids, chronic Alcohol, Sickle cell disease, Trauma, SLE, the Bend (decompression disease), LEgg-Calve-Perthes disease, Gaucher disease, Slipped capital femoral epiphysis
CASTS Bend LEGS
309
Avascular Necrosis path
femoral
| hypoxic -> structural proteins bend out of shape and lysosomal proteins are ineffective at removing affected proteins
310
Avascular Necrosis RF
Corticosteroids, alcoholism, sickle cell, trauma, SLE
311
Avascular Necrosis comp
sclerosis, total destruction, nonunion of fracture, and secondary muscle wasting
312
Avascular Necrosis clinical
pain
313
Chondrosarcoma def
Tumor of malignant chondrocytes
314
Chondrosarcoma path
chromosomal mutations in 9p21, 10, 13q14, and 17p13
| amplification of MYC and AP-1transcription factors
315
Chondrosarcoma RF
>50, PMH of Ollier disease, Maffucci syndrome, Wilms tumor, radiotherapy
316
Chondrosarcoma comp
bone fractures, metastasis, neurovascular structure impingement
317
Chondrosarcoma clinical
painful, prgressively enlarging mass, localized swelling, limited ROM, fatigue, weight loss, numbness, weakness, skin discoloration, loss of pulse, claudication
318
Ewing Sarcoma def
Anaplastic small blue cells of neuroectodermal origin
319
Ewing Sarcoma cause
mutation
320
Ewing Sarcoma RF
Caucasians
| Boys <15 YO
321
Ewing Sarcoma comp
Aggressive with early metastases, but responsive to chemo
322
Ewing Sarcoma clinical
Diaphysis of long bones (esp femur), pelvic flat bones
323
Osteoid Osteoma def
benign cancer arise from osteoblasts
324
Osteoid Osteoma comp
scoliosis, enlargement or deformity of bone, stiffness of joint
325
Osteoid Osteoma clinical
pain, diaphysis of long bones
326
Osteosarcoma def
cancer of bone tissue, malignant
327
Osteosarcoma cause
mutation
328
Osteosarcoma path
mutations in retinoblastoma gene or tumor protein 53 -> cell growth
329
Osteosarcoma RF
M < 20 YO, genetic, Hereditary retinoblastoma, Paget disease, Li-Fraumeni syndrome,
330
Osteosarcoma comp
bone marrow repression, cortical bone breakage, adjacent-joint spread
331
Osteosarcoma clinical
ilium, distal femur, proximal tibia bone pain and tenderness
332
Rhabdomyosarcoma def
cancer cells arise from skeletal muscle progenitors, malignant
333
Rhabdomyosarcoma cause
genetic
334
Rhabdomyosarcoma path
genetic translation determining fusion of two genes which encode two transcription factors FOXO1 & PAX3 -> interferes w/ differentiation-driven gene expression -
335
Rhabdomyosarcoma RF
Li-Fraumeni syndrome, neurofibromatosis type I, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, Costello syndrome
336
Rhabdomyosarcoma comp
metastasis
| bone marrow involvement
337
Rhabdomyosarcoma clinical
palpable mass in head/neck, GU tract, limbs, abdomen
| hematuria, GU obstruction, sinusitis, headache, cranial nerve alterations, ear discharge, orbital swelling
338
Septic arthritis def
joint inflammation cause by microbe
339
Septic arthritis cause
bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus, mycobacterium tuberculosis, Borrelia species
340
Septic arthritis path
from preexisting bone infection or from other part of body traveling through blood to joint
toxins from bacteria destroy articular cartilage and then innate immune systems releases cytokines and more cells are recruited to the area -> inflammation and fluid accumulation -> inc pressure -> compress blood vessels -> necrosis
341
Septic arthritis RF
joint problems, artificial joint, autoimmune conditions
342
Septic arthritis comp
joint destruction
343
Septic arthritis clinical
single joint pain, impaired ROM, fever
344
Gonococcal arthritis RF
sexually active, multiple partners
345
Gonococcal arthritis comp
meningitis, joint damage, perihepatitis, endocarditis, osteomyelitis
346
Gonococcal arthritis clinical
multiple joints pain, impaired ROM, fever, skin lesions, and tenosynovitis
347
Necrotizing Fasciitis def
infection of the subcutaneous fat and muscle fascia
348
Necrotizing Fasciitis cause
Type I: Bacteroides, Clostridium, Peptostreptococcus, E. coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Enterobacter,
Type II: group A Streptococcus, other beta-hemolytic streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus
Type II
349
Necrotizing Fasciitis path
bacteria spared via subcutaneous tissue -> release exotoxins -> tissue destruction spreads along fascial plane
350
Necrotizing Fasciitis cause
Bacteroides, Clostridium, E. coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Enterobacter,
group A Streptococcus, other beta-hemolytic streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus
fungal
351
Necrotizing Fasciitis RF
HIV, diabetes, cirrhosis, corticosteroid use, peripheral vascular disease, trauma, surgery, IV drug abuse, childbirth, exposure of open wound (salt/fresh water, swimming pools, hot tubs), Ludwig's angina, Lemierre syndrome
352
Necrotizing Fasciitis comp
death, shock, organ failure
353
Necrotizing Fasciitis clinical
Skin: warmth, erythema/violet/purple, woody induration, edema, necrosis, bullae (large blisters) w/or w/o serosanguinous fluid, subcutaneous emphysema
pain, fever, tachycardia, pallor, altered LOC, ↓ prefusion, ↓ BP, orthostatic hypotension
354
Osteomyelitis def
Infection of the bone
355
Osteomyelitis cause
Staph aureus
356
Osteomyelitis cause
Staph aureus, Salmonella (SC), Pasteurella multocida (cat scratch)
357
Osteomyelitis path
trauma, surgery, through blood (most common), or from adjacent area bacteria to bone -> bacteria proliferate -> nearby macrophages and dendritic cells activate -> release cytokines -> bone breakdown -> all bacteria die (acute) or affected bone becomes necrotic and separates (chronic)
358
Osteomyelitis RF
immunocompromised, DM, IV drugs, hemodialysis, dental extraction of infected tooth, sickle cell
359
Osteomyelitis comp
abscess in periosteum, infect other joints, muscle, skin, blood vessels (thrombophlebitis)
360
Osteomyelitis clinical
vertebrae (adults), metaphysis (children)
A: pain, fever, might affect use of bone
C: prolonged fevers, weight loss
361
Wet Gangrene def
blood supply to an area of the body is interrupted and infection
362
Wet Gangrene cause
severe burn, frostbite, or injury
363
Wet Gangrene path
blood supply is cut off -> cell death -> surrounding tissue leaks fluid due to infection
364
Wet Gangrene RF
diabetes
365
Wet Gangrene comp
loss of limb
366
Wet Gangrene clinical
extreme pain, swelling, thin, watery pus can leak out of would, blood filled bullae on skin, fever, tachycardia
367
Gas Gangrene def
infection of Clostridium perfringens
368
Gas Gangrene cause
injury, infection, Clostridium perfringens
369
Gas Gangrene clinical
extreme pain, swelling, thin, watery pus can leak out of would, blood filled bullae on skin, crepitus, fever, tachycardia
370
Greenstick Fracture
Incomplete fracture extending partway through width of bone following bending stress. Bone fails on the tension side. Compression side intact. Bone is bent like a green twig.
371
Torus (buckle) Fracture
Axial force apple to immature bone. Cortex buckles on the compression (concave) side, and fractures. Tension (convex) side remains solid.
372
Arm abduction
supraspinatus, deltoid, trapezius, serratus anterior
373
Finger Abduction
Dorsal interossei
374
Finger Adduction
Palmar interossei
375
Oppose of thumb and pinky
Opponens pollicis
| Opponens digiti minimi
376
Abduct thumb and pinky
Abductor pollicis brevis
| Abductor digiti minimi
377
Flexor of thumb and pinky
Flexor digiti minimi
| Flexor pollicis brevis
378
Hip Abduction
Gluteus medius
| Gluteus minimus
379
Hip Adduction
Adductor magnus
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
380
Hip Extension
Gluteus maximus
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
381
Hip Flexion
```
Iliopsoas
Rectus femoris
Tensor fascia lata
Pectineus
Sartorius
```
382
Hip Internal Rotation
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fascia latae
383
Hip External Rotation
Iliopsoas
Gluteus maximus
Piriformis
Obturator
384
Osteoblasts
build bones by secreting collagen and catalyzing mineralization in alkaline environment via alkaline phosphatase
385
Osteoclast
dissolves bone by secreting H+ and collagenase vis RANK receptors being stimulates by RANKL or osteoprotegerin
386
Estrogen
inhibits apoptosis in osteoblasts and induces apoptosis in osteoclast
387
Where dose herniation happen?
C5-C6
C6-C7
L4-L5
L5-S1
388
What parts of the spine have lordotic?
cervical and lumbar
389
What parts of spine have kyphotic?
thoracic
390
Scoliosis cause
idiopathic, congenital, neuromuscular scoliosis
391
Scoliosis RF
9-15, neuromuscular disorder, FH
392
Scoliosis comp
heart and lung problem, paralysis
393
Scoliosis clinical
spinal curvature to one side, uneven hips or shoulders, differences in leg length, tiredness of spine, prominent shoulder blade, rib bump
394
Rheumatoid Arthritis def
chronic systemic autoimmune disorder
395
Rheumatoid Arthritis cause
autoimmune
396
Rheumatoid Arthritis path
antiboidies bind w/ other proteins and tissues -> create immune complexes that cause inflammation -> enzymes cause further joint tissue degradation-> pannus forms -> osteoclasts cause underlying bone to demineralize
397
Rheumatoid Arthritis clinical
joint swelling, stiffness, warmth, tenderness, pain
joint deformation, fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, weakness, low-grade fever, rheumatoid nodules, pleural effusion, vasculitis, pericarditis, enlarged spleen
398
Rheumatoid Arthritis antibodies
Rheumatoid factor, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide
399
Healing of Fracture
inflammatory stage: hematoma, inflammatory cell degrade debris and bacteria
reparative stage: fibrocartilage formed, soft callus joins fractured bone, hard callus develops, blood vessels form
remodeling stage: lamellar bone replaces woven bone
400
Compartment syndrome def
edema and swelling cause increased pressure in muscle compament
401
Compartment syndrome def
edema and swelling cause increased pressure in muscle compartment
402
Compartment syndrome comp
paralysis, amputation, Volkmann contracture
403
Adhesive Capsulitis def
acute inflammation of ligaments in shoulder joint capsule
404
Adhesive Capsulitis clinical
self-imposed immobility of shoulder because of pain, stiffness, loss of motion,
405
Triceps brachii A & N
A: Elbow joint: extension of the forearm
Shoulder joint: extension and adduction of the arm (long head)
N: Radial nerve
406
Biceps brachii A & N
Flexion and supination of the forearm at the elbow joint, weak flexor of the arm at the glenohumeral joint
N: Musculocutaneous nerve
407
Coracobrachialis muscle A & N
Adduction and flexion of the arm at the shoulder joint
N: Musculocutaneous nerve
408
Coracobrachialis muscle A & N
Adduction and flexion of the arm at the shoulder joint
N: Musculocutaneous nerve
409
Serratus posterior superior muscle A & N
A: Elevates ribs
N: 2nd-5th Intercostal nerves
410
Serratus posterior inferior muscle A & N
A: Depresses ribs/ Draws ribs inferoposteriorly
N: Anterior rami of spinal nerves T9-T12
411
Rectus capitis posterior major muscle A & N
Head extension and Head rotation
| Suboccipital nerve
412
Rectus capitis posterior minor A & N
Head extension
| Posterior ramus of spinal nerve C1
413
Obliquus capitis superior A & N
Head extension and Head lateral flexion
| Suboccipital nerve
414
Obliquus capitis inferior A & N
Head extension and Head rotation
| Posterior ramus of spinal nerve C1
415
brachialis A & N
```
flexion of the forearm
Musculocutaneous nerve (C5,C6); Radial nerve (C7)
```
416
pronator teres A & N
```
Pronation of forearm at the proximal radioulnar joint, flexion of the forearm at the elbow joint
Median nerve (C6, C7)
```
417
flexor carpi radialis A & N
```
Wrist flexion, wrist abduction
Median nerve (C6, C7)
```
418
palmaris longus A & N
Wrist flexion and Tenses palmar aponeurosis
| Median nerve
419
flexor carpi ulnaris A & N
Wrist flexion, wrist adduction
| Ulnar nerve
420
flexor digitorum superficialis A & N
Finger flexion
| Median nerve
421
pronator quadratus A & N
Forearm pronation
| Median nerve
422
extensor digitorum A & N
Finger extension
| Posterior interosseous nerve
423
extensor carpi ulnaris A & N
Hand extension and adduction
| Posterior interosseous nerve
424
extensor carpi radialis longus A & N
Hand extension, hand abduction
| Radial nerve
425
brachioradialis A & N
Forearm flexion
| Radial nerve
426
dorsal interossei muscles of hand A & N
Finger abduction, finger flexion, Finger extension
| Deep branch of ulnar nerve
427
lumbrical muscles hand A & N
Finger flexion and Finger extension
Lumbricals 1-2: Median nerve (C8-T1)
Lumbricals 3-4: Ulnar nerve (C8-T1)
428
extensor carpi radialis brevis A & N
Hand extension, hand abduction
| Radial nerve
429
dorsal interossei muscles of foot A & N
toe flexion, toe abduction, toe extension
| Lateral plantar nerve
430
lumbrical of foot A & N
Toe flexion, Toes adduction, Toes extension
Lumbrical 1: Medial plantar nerve (S2,S3);
Lumbricals 2-4: Lateral plantar nerve (S2-S3)
431
Flexor digitorum profundus
Finger flexion
| median and ulnar n
432
Flexor pollicis longus
Thumb flexion
| Median nerve
433
extensor digiti minimi
extension
| Radial nerve
434
Supinator
extension
| Radial nerve
435
abductor pollicis longus
extension
| Radial nerve
436
extensor pollicis brevis a/n
extension
| Radial nerve
437
extensor pollicis longus
extension
| Radial nerve
438
extensor indicis
extension
| Radial nerve
439
Palmar interossei
flexion and extension of fingers 2, 4 & 5
| Deep branch of ulnar nerve
440
Abductor pollicis brevis
Thumb abduction
| median nerve
441
Adductor pollicis
Thumb adduction
| ulnar nerve
442
Flexor pollicis brevis
Thumb flexion
| median nerve and ulnar nerve
443
Opponens pollicis
Thumb opposition
| median nerve
444
Abductor digiti minimi hand
Abduction, flexion and extension of little finger
| Ulnar nerve
445
Flexor digiti minimi
Flexion, lateral rotation and opposition of little finger
| Ulnar nerve
446
Opponens digiti minimi hand
Flexion, lateral rotation and opposition of little finger
| Ulnar nerve
447
Palmaris brevis
tightens palmar aponeurosis, tightens grip
| Ulnar nerve
448
Iliopsoas
Thigh/trunk flexion, Thigh external rotation, lateral flexion
Femoral nerve, Anterior rami of spinal nerves L1-L3
449
Gluteus maximus
Thigh extension, Thigh external rotation, Thigh abduction (superior part), Thigh adduction (inferior part)
Inferior gluteal nerve
450
gluteus medius
Hip abduction, Thigh internal rotation (anterior part); Pelvis stabilization
Superior gluteal nerve
451
gluteus minimus
Hip abduction, Thigh internal rotation (anterior part); Pelvis stabilization
Superior gluteal nerve
452
tensor fasciae latae A & N
Thigh internal rotation, Leg external rotation, Stabilizes hip & knee joints
Superior gluteal nerve
453
Piriformis
Thigh external rotation, Thigh abduction (from flexed hip); Stabilizes head of femur in acetabulum
Nerve to piriformis (S1-S2)
454
obturator internus
Thigh external rotation, Thigh abduction (from flexed hip); Stabilizes head of femur in acetabulum
Nerve to obturator internus (L5-S2)
455
superior gemellus
Thigh external rotation, Thigh abduction (from flexed hip); Stabilizes head of femur in acetabulum
Nerve to obturator internus (L5-S2)
456
inferior gemellus
Thigh external rotation, Thigh abduction (from flexed hip); Stabilizes head of femur in acetabulum
Nerve to quadratus femoris (L4-S1)
457
rectus femoris
Thigh flexion and Leg extension
| Femoral nerve
458
Sartorius
thigh flexion, thigh abduction, thigh external rotation, leg flexion, leg internal rotation
Femoral nerve
459
vastus lateralis
Leg extension
| Femoral nerve
460
vastus intermedius
Leg extension
| Femoral nerve
461
vastus medialis A/N
Leg extension
| Femoral nerve
462
Pectineus
```
Thigh flexion, Thigh adduction, Thigh external rotation, Thigh internal rotation; Pelvis stabilization
Femoral nerve (L2-L3)
```
463
adductor longus
```
Thigh flexion, Thigh adduction, Thigh external rotation; Pelvis stabilization
Obturator nerve (L2-L4)
```
464
adductor brevis
```
Thigh flexion, Thigh adduction, Thigh external rotation; Pelvis stabilization
Obturator nerve (L2-L4)
```
465
adductor magnus
Thigh flexion, Thigh adduction, Thigh external rotation (adductor part), Thigh extension, Thigh internal rotation (ischiocondylar part); Pelvis stabilization
Obturator nerve (L2-L4) and Tibial division of sciatic nerve (L4)
466
adductor minimus
```
Thigh adduction, Thigh external rotation
Obturator nerve (L2-L4)
```
467
gracilis
```
Thigh flexion, Thigh adduction; Knee joint: Leg flexion, Leg internal rotation
Obturator nerve (L2-L3)
```
468
obturator externus
```
Thigh external rotation, Thigh abduction (from flexed hip), Thigh adduction (secondary function); Stabilizes head of femur in acetabulum
Obturator nerve (L3-L4)
```
469
Biceps femoris
thigh extension, thigh external rotation, leg flexion, leg external rotation; stabilizes pelvis
tibial division of sciatic nerve and common fibular division of sciatic nerve
470
semimembranosus
thigh extension, internal rotation, flexion and internal rotation of the leg, Stabilizes pelvis
Tibial division of sciatic nerve
471
semitendinosus
Thigh extension, thigh internal rotation, stabilizes pelvis, Leg flexion, leg internal rotation
Tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5-S2)
472
Quadratus femoris
Thigh external rotation; Stabilizes head of femur in acetabulum
Nerve to quadratus femoris (L5-S1)
473
Flexor digitorum brevis
Toe flexion; Supports longitudinal arch of foot
| Medial plantar nerve (S1-S3)
474
quadratus plantae
Toe flexion
| Lateral plantar nerve (S1-S3)
475
plantar interossei muscles of foot
Toe flexion, Toes adduction, Toes extension
| Lateral plantar nerve ( S2-S3)
476
Abductor digiti minimi foot
toe abduction, Toe flexion; Supports longitudinal arch of foot
Lateral plantar nerve ( S1-S3)
477
flexor digiti minimi brevis A/N
Toe flexion
| Lateral plantar nerve (S2-S3)
478
opponens digiti minimi foot
Toe abduction, Toe flexion
| Lateral plantar nerve (S2-S3)
479
Abductor hallucis
Toe abduction, Toe flexion; Support of longitudinal arch of foot
Medial plantar nerve (S1-S3)
480
adductor hallucis
Toe adduction, Toe flexion; Support of longitudinal and transverse arches of foot
Lateral plantar nerve (S2,S3)
481
flexor hallucis brevis
Toe flexion; Support of longitudinal arch of foot
| Medial plantar nerve (S1,S2)
482
Extensor digitorum brevis
Toe extension
| Deep fibular/peroneal nerve (S1, S2)
483
extensor hallucis brevis
Toe extension
| Deep fibular/peroneal nerve (S1, S2)
484
external oblique
Trunk flexion, compresses abdominal viscera, expiration, Trunk lateral flexion (ipsilateral), trunk rotation
lower intercostal nerves.
485
internal oblique
Trunk flexion, compresses abdominal viscera, expiration, Trunk lateral flexion (ipsilateral), trunk rotation (ipsilateral)
lower intercostal nerves, iliohypogastric nerve and ilioinguinal nerve
486
Transversus abdominis
compresses abdominal viscera, expiration, Trunk rotation
| lower intercostal nerves, iliohypogastric nerve and ilioinguinal nerve
487
Rectus abdominis
Trunk flexion, Compresses abdominal viscera, Expiration
Intercostal nerves (T6-T11), Subcostal nerve (T12)
488
Pyramidalis
```
Tenses linea alba
Subcostal nerve (T12)
```
