General Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

what is hypertrophy

when is it normal vs pathologic

A

increased SIZE of cells

normal: growth of uterus
patho: cardiac hypertrophy

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2
Q

what is hyperplasia

when is it normal vs pathologic

A

increased NUMBER of cells

normal: proliferation of glandular epithelial tissue of female breast in preg or puberty
patho: inc hormonal stim; cancer proliferation

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3
Q

what is atrophy

when is it normal vs pathologic

A

shrinkage in size of cell by loss of substance

normal: dec estrogen bc of menopause > shrinking endometrial glands
patho: loss of nerves due to trauma, polio

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4
Q

what is metaplasia

A

PREMALIGNANT abnormal transformation of an adult fully differentiated tissue of one kind into a differentiated tissue of another kind

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5
Q

what tf is dysplasia

A

PREMALIGNANT abnormal tissue development

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6
Q

what is anaplasia

A

MALIGNANT; loss of structural differentiation esp as seen in most malignant neoplasms

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7
Q

reversible type of cellular injury

A

degeneration

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8
Q

irreversible type of cellular injury

A

necrosis

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9
Q

what is gangrene

A

death of body part with putrefaction

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10
Q

dry vs wet vs gas gangrene

A

dry: area with little or no blood supply, no sepsis
wet: bacterial infxn superimposed on coagulative necrosis
gas: specific to clostridium perfringens

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11
Q

hemosiderin pigmentation changes occurs in what types of pathologies

A

dz of RBC destruction (hemolytic anemias) in liver, marrow, spleen esp

repeated transfusions, inc absorption from gut (heavy alcohol), excess iron, underutalization

hemosiderin macrophages occur in HF

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12
Q

hyperpigmentation (melanin) occurs in what pathologies

A

inc ACTH dz

melanin in urine = extensive melanoma

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13
Q

regeneration vs fibrosis

A

regeneration: renewal of lost tissue (replacement with identical cells)
fibrosis: healing by CT replacement (wound healing/scarring where tissues wont regenerate)

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14
Q

osteoma tissue

A

bone

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15
Q

chrondroma tissue

A

cartilage

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16
Q

angioma tissue

A

vascular muscle

17
Q

leiomyoma tissue

A

smooth muscle

18
Q

rhabdomyoma tissue

A

skeletal muscle

19
Q

dysplasia vs anaplasia

A

dysplasia can be returned to normal cell activity. anaplasia has NO differentiation

20
Q

benign naming

A

tissue type + OMA

21
Q

malignant naming

A

based on tissue type of origin

ex: adenocarcinoma of the ___
squamous cell carcinoma of the ___

22
Q

carcinoma tissues

A

epithelial/organ tissue

23
Q

sarcoma tissues

A

connective tissues (bone, muscle, adipose, vascular)

24
Q

carcinoma in situ

A

histologically malignant, but non invasive

25
Q

grading vs staging

A

grade: level of cellular differentiation; change from parent cell/tissue (anaplasia)
stage: extent of spread within patient + size of original tumor

26
Q

oncogenes

A

genes that produce cancer

27
Q

protooncogene

A

precursor of oncogene

28
Q

cancer = activated ___ + inactivated __

A

protoncogene, supressor