Labs and Imaging Flashcards

Question

RBC casts cause

Answer 1

Glomerulonephritis SBE Subacute bacterial endocarditis Renal infarcts Vasculitis Sickle cell anemia SLE Malignant HTN Goodpasture’s syndrome PSGN

Answer 2

Acute pyelonephritis Glomerulonephritis Lupus nephritis

Answer 3

Nephrosis Amyloidosis Heavy mental or other poisoning Glomerulonephritis Acute tubular necrosis Pyelonephritis

Answer 4

Chronic renal failure

Answer 5

Nephrolithiasis Uric acid

Answer 6

Moderate: Early detection of kidney disease High: Kidney failure

Answer 7

N 150 mg/24 h Proteinuria 150-500 mg/24h >2000 mg/24 h >3500 mg/24h

Answer 8

Glomerular Nephrotic syndrome Renal disease HTN Toxicity from heavy metals/ solvents Preeclampsia/eclampsia

Answer 9

Increased sodium in urine = intrinsic kidney path Normal sodium = prerenal cause FENa > 2 damage to tubules FENa < 1 decrease blood flow

Answer 10

24-h urine collected and blood draw M 90-139 ml/min F 80-125 ml/min

Answer 11

Tubular damage Glomerulonephritis Kidney failure

Answer 12

30-300 mg/day

Answer 13

Kidney damage in pt with DM

Answer 14

Measures voided volume, voiding time, average flow rate, max flow rate (Qmax) N urine volume >200ml over 15-30 sec N peak flow: Male 20-25 ml/s, Female 20-30 ml/s

Answer 15

Decrease: Suggests bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) (most common in M), or weak detrusor muscle contraction Increase: Suggests bladder spasticity Intermittent flow: Straining to overcome resistance (sphincter tone)

Answer 16

Assesses bladder storage capacity, pressure as bladder fills, how full when urge triggered Detrusor contractions before bladder fills to 150-250ml is abnormal

Answer 17

neurogenic bladder, MS, spinal cord injury, diabetes, BPH

Answer 18

Measures intravesical and detrusor muscle pressure required for voiding and flow rate (ml/s) Normal voiding pressure not > 30cm of H2O pressure

Answer 19

If bladder pressure is >50cm of H2O along with low urine flow: urethral overactivity (detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia) or urethral stricture or BOO (bladder outlet obstruction) may be cause

Answer 20

Measures amt of urine in bladder after micturition PVR >100 ml is abnormal

Answer 21

Measures intraluminal pressure along length of urethra (usu done in female-body pt)

Answer 22

obstruction or incontinence High pressure = Resistance Low pressure = Compromised function

Answer 23

In Females, it can assess pelvic floor or periurethral muscle activity for abnormal contraction or relaxation contributing to urinary obstruction or incontinence. Can also check electrical activity in the bladder neck

Answer 24

* RBCs * WBCs * platelets * hemoglobin * hematocrit * MCV * MCH * MCHC * RDW

Answer 25

increased * polycythemia vera * smoking * dehydration * cor pulmonale * renal cell carcinoma * hypoxia * congential heart disease * pulmonary fibrosis * medication normal decreased * anemia * bleeding * multiple myeloma * leukemia * malnutriton * pregnancy * hemolysis * B12/6/9 deficency * iron and copper * overhydration * medications

Answer 26

decreased * bone marrow defects * renal disease * cell destruction * blood loss * hemogloninopathies * lead poisoning * iron deficiency * pregnancy * over-hydration increased * polycythemia vera * renal tumors * COPD * pulmonary fibrosis * heart disease * dehydration

Answer 27

increase in the red cells central pallor which occupies more than the normal third of the red cell diameter found in: iron deficency and thalassaemia

Answer 28

the volume of erythrocytes expressed as a precentage of the volume of whole blood

Answer 29

increased * erythrocytosis * congenital heart disease * polycythemia vera * dehydration * severe COPD decreased * anemia * hemoglobinopathies * hemolytic anemia * hemorrhage * nutrient deficiencies * bone marrow failure * prosthetic valves * renal disease * pregnancy * blood cancers and malignancies

Answer 30

very high WBC counts severe lipidemia RBC abnormalities increased turbidity increased bilirubin

Answer 31

RBC size extremely high WBC counts over and under hydration pregnancy decreases due to hemoduilution high altitudes increase due to hypoxia post-hemorrhage values not reliable for several hours drugs

Answer 32

average volume of RBCs how big they are decreased MCV: microcytic RBCS <80 increased MCV: macrocyctic RBCs >100 normal: normocytic

Answer 33

* high WBC * high platelets * agglutinated RBCs * RBC fragments

Answer 34

ratio of the average concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of RBCs normal MCHC: 32-36 normochromic decreased <30 hypochromic

Answer 35

chronic illness renal disease acute blood loss aplastic anemia autoimmune hemolytic anemia

Answer 36

iron deficiency sideroblastic lead poisoning anemia of chronic disease (later stage) thalassemia

Answer 37

vitamin B12 or folate deficiency pernicious anemia side effects of chemotherapy myelodysplastic syndrome acute myelogenous leukemia

Answer 38

thrombocytopenia: <150,000 thrombocytosis: > 400,000 thrombocythemia: > 1,000,000

Answer 39

thrombocytopenia * hypersplenism * hemorrhage * leukemia * myelofibrosis * thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura * ITP * aplastic anemia * graves diasese * pre-eclampsia * DIC * SLE * pernicious anemia * hemolytic anemia * cancer chemotherapy * severe infection * drug reactions thrombocytosis * malignant disorders * polycythemia vera * acute infections * sepsis * post-splenectomy * rheumatoid arthrtis * iron deficiency * primary thrombocytosis

Answer 40

high altitude strenous exercise prior to menses estrogen drugs

Answer 41

total WBC count ER low: less than 500 per mm high: greater than 30,000

Answer 42

leukocytosis * infections * leukemic neoplasia * other malignancy * trauma * stress * hemorrhage * tissue necrosis * inflammation * dehydration * thyroid storm * post splenectomy leukopenia * drug toxicity * bone marrow depression/failure * severe infections * dietary deficiencies * marrow aplasia * marrow infiltration * autoimmune disease * hypersplenism * chemotherapy

Answer 43

normal Neutrophil 60% lymphocyte 30% monocyte 6% eosinophil 3% basophil 0%n

Answer 44

neutrophillia * acute infection * trauma * physical/emotional stress * inflammatory disorders * metabolic disorders * myelocyctic leukemia * cushing's sundrome neutropenia * overwhelming bacterial infection * viral infection * aplastic anemia * radiation therapy * addisons disease * chemotherapy * dietary deficiency

Answer 45

eosinophilia * parasitic infections * allergic reactions * asthma, hay fever * hodgkin's disease * eosinophil myaliga syndrome * eczema * leukemia * autoimmune disease * ovarian cancer eosinopenia * cushing syndrome * endogenous or exogenous cortisol excess * stress

Answer 46

basophilia * myleoproliferative disease: polycythemia * granulocytic leukemia * chromci muelocytic leukemia * hodgkin's lumphoma Basopenia * acute phase infection * hyperthyroidism * stress reactions * prolonged steroid therapy

Answer 47

lymphocytosis >4000 * viral infections: CMV, HIV * pertussis, TB * lymphocytic leukemia * multipe myeloma * infecitous mononucleosis/EBV * infecitous hepatitis * hypoadrenalism (addison's disease) Lymphopenia <1000 * myelocytic leukemia * hodgkin's disease * sepsis * immunodefiency diseases * SLE * adrenocorticosteroids and chemotherapy * radaition

Answer 48

monocytosis >500 * EBV * TB * subacute bacterial endocarditis * syphilis * chronic UC * parasites (malaria) * monocytic leukemia moncytopenia <100 * prednisone * HIV * hairy cell leukemia * aplastic anemia

Answer 49

average volume of a population of platelets

Answer 50

increased * valvular heart disease * ITP * sepsis * severe hemorrhage * B12/folate def * myelocytic leukemia decreased * aplastic anemia * cancer chemotherapy * wiskott-aldrich syndrome

Answer 51

increased * thrombasthenia * bernard-soulier * storage pool disease * asprin * platelet count <75,000 * von wilebrand disease * uremia * liver failure

Answer 52

evalutates extrinsic system Inceased * deficency of VII, X, V, prothrombin, or fibrinogen * vit K def * liver disease * warfarin * DIC * heparin

Answer 53

PT is expressed as a ratio of prothrombin clotting time for patient plasma divided by time for control plasma INR 1 is normal >1 clotting time is elevated

Answer 54

evaluates intristic system increased * def in VIII, IX, XI, or XII

Answer 55

measurement of the conversion of fibriongen to fibrin

Answer 56

factor IX factor VIII

Answer 57

used to detect antibodies that are stuck to the surface of red blood cells abnormal: * autimmune hemolytic anemia * chronic lymphocytic leukemia * erythroblastosis fetalis * infectious mononucleosis * mycoplasma infection * syphilis * SLE * tranfusion reactions

Answer 58

looks for antibodies that are floating in the blood, to determine a reaction to blood transfusion abnormal * Erythroblastosis fetalis * Incompatible blood match

Answer 59

measures the antigen and markers on the surface of RBCs ABO RH C or c, D or d, E or e Kell K or k Duffy Fya, Fyb, FY kidd Jk, Jka, Jkb, Jkab

Answer 60

sedimentation rate, non-spefic measurment of inflammation

Answer 61

* RA * psoriatic arthritis * gout * reactive arthritis * sarcoidosis * sjogren's syndrome * calcium pyrophsophate depisition disease * urticaria * ankylosing spondylitis * juvenile RA * acute prostatitis * crohn's disease * SIBO * UC * polymyalgia rheumatic * osteoarthritis * gastroenteritis

Answer 62

* glucose * calcium * sodium * potassium * carbon dioxide * chloride * albumin * total protien * ALP * ALT * AST * bilirubin * BUN * creatinine

Answer 63

increased * daibetes * hyperthyroidism * pancreas disorders * stress decreased * side effect of medications * not eating enough * more physically active * liver disease * kidney disease * hypothyroidism * alcohol use disorder * Underactive adrenal or pituitary,

Answer 64

total calcium: bound and free increased * hyperparathyroidism * cancer of the bone * paget's disease * too much Vit D decreased * malnutriton * liver disease * hypoparathyroidism * Vit D, mag, calcium def * pancreatitis * kidney disease

Answer 65

increased hypernatermia * dehydration * gastroenteritis, vomiting, prolonged nasogastric drainage, burns, and excessive sweating * intrinsic renal disease, post-obstructive diuresis, and with the use of osmotic or loop diuretics * daibetes insipidus * diabetic ketoacidosis Hyponatermia * diuretics * kidney disease * decreased sodium intake * diuretics * SIADH * heart faliure * stroke, hemorrhage, infection, trauma, and psychosis, * ADH tumor * drugs * pneumonia * hypothyroidism * adrenal insufficency * HIV

Answer 66

Hyperkalemia * kidney disease * diet * medications * addisons * burns or severe injuries * diabetes hypokalemia * alcohol * chronic kidney disease * daibetic ketoacidsosis * diarrhea * diuretics * laxatives * excessive sweating * folic acid def * primary aldosteronism * vommiting

Answer 67

increased hypercapnia * cushing's syndrome * kideny faliure * COPD * sleep apnea * stroke * hypothyroirism * MS * ALS * muscular dystrophy * spinal cord injuries * flail chest * ankylosing spondylitis * tetanus * botulism * pulmonary embolism * vascular disease * dehydration decreased * addison disaese * diabetic ketoacidosis * shock * kidney disorders

Answer 68

increased * addison disease * carbonic anhydrase inhibitors * diarrhea * ethylene glycol poisoning * ketoacidosis * kidney disease * lactic acidosis * methanol poisoning * renal tubular acidosis * salicylate toxicity * ureteral diversion * cancer * hypoglycemia * alcohol * seziures decreased * bartter syndrome * burns * congestive heart failure * cushing syndrome * dehydration * excessive sweating * hyperaldosteronism * COPD * asthma * pulmonary fibrosis * scoliosis * drugs * sleep apnea * SIADH * vomiting

Answer 69

increased * dehydration * diarrhea decreased * infection * sepesis * surgery * IBD * kidney disease * cirrhosis * fatty liver disease * liver cancer * hepatitis A, B, or C * malnutrition * hypothyroidism

Answer 70

increased * multpile meyeloma * waldenstrom disease * HIV * hepatitis B or C decreased * kidney * liver * malnutriton * celiac disease * crohn's disease

Answer 71

increased * cholestasis of pregnancy * cirrhosis of liver * hepatitis * biliary atresia * biliary stricture * cholangiocarcinoma and pancreatic head adenocarcinoma * mononucleosis * bone metastasis * paget's disease of the bone * osteogenic sarcoma * fractures that are healing * hyperparathyroidism * hyperthyroidism * osteomalacia * Vit D def * celiac disease decreased * malnutrition * zinc def * mag def * hypothyroidism * hypophosphatasia * Wilson disease.

Answer 72

increased * Alcohol-induced liver injury. * Fatty liver disease * Hepatitis * Cirrhosis * Taking medications that are toxic to your liver. * Liver tumor or liver cancer. * Liver ischemia * Hemochromatosis * Mononucleosis decreased * B6 def * chronic kidney disease

Answer 73

increased * Alcohol-induced liver injury. * Hepatitis * Cirrhosis * Taking medications that are toxic to your liver. * Liver tumor or liver cancer. * liver ischemia * Heart attack * Mononucleosis * Muscle disease. * Pancreatitis. * burns * seizures * surgerys including heart * intense exercise decreased * Vit B6 def * chronic kidney disease

Answer 74

increased * erythroblastosis fetalis * hemolytic anemia * sickle cell disease * premature birth * mononucleosis * wilson disease * Crigler-Najjar syndrome * * Transfusion reaction * cirrhosis * hepatitis * gilbert disease * biliary stricture * cancer of pancrease or gallbladder * gallstones decreased

Answer 75

increased * dehydration * burns * medications * urinary tract obstruction * congestive heart failure * recent heart attack * Gastrointestinal bleeding * Shock * high protein diet * kidney disease decreased * malnutrtion * lack of protien * liver disease * overhydration

Answer 76

increased * obstruction of urinary tract * kidney damage, faliure, infection, or reduced blood flow * eclampsia * preeclampsia decreaased * malnutriton * muscular dystrophy * liver disease * low protien diet

Answer 77

decreased * klinefelter syndrome * testicle injuries cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiation stress AIDS alcohol use disorder kidney disease cirrhosis of the liver pituitary gland conditions autoimmune disease infection obesity metabolic syndrome using certain medications increased * tumor * steroid use * congenital adrenal hyperplasia * PCOS * ovarian cancer * disorder of pitutary gland