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Cellular Bio Flashcards

1
Q

cell membranes composition

A

phospholipids and proteins

phospholipid bilayer

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2
Q

lipid soluble substances ability to cross cell membranse

A

can cross cell membranes with NO TRANSPORTER and dissolve in hydrophobic lipid bilayer

O2, CO2, steroids, etc

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3
Q

water soluble substances ability to cross cell membranse

A

cannot dissolve in lipid of membrane but may cross through water filled channels/pores or be transported by carriers

Na, Cl, glucose, H2O, etc

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4
Q

where are integral proteins located

A

span the entire cell membrane; anchored through hydrophobic interactions with phospholipid bilayer

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5
Q

where are peripheral proteins located

A

on either intracellular or extracellular side of cell membrane

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6
Q

ex of integral proteins

A

ion channels, transport proteins

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7
Q

ex of peripheral proteins

A

hormone receptors

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8
Q

types of transport pathways

A

diffusion (high to low conc; passive)

  • simple
  • facilitated (carriers)

active transport (pumps)

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9
Q

what is the Na out/K in ratio for the Na-K ATPase transporter

A

3Na+ out, 2 K+ in

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10
Q

what are the types of intercellualr connections

A 
tight junctions (zonula occludens)
gap junctions
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11
Q

function of tight junctions vs gap junctions

A

tight junctions = intercellular pathway for solutes

gap = permit intercellular communication

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12
Q

for which of the cell membrane transport pathways (passive/diffusion, facilitated, active) is ATP required?

A

active

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13
Q

which of the cell membrane transport pathways (passive/diffusion, facilitated, active) can transport against gradient?

A

active

facilitated IF coupled

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14
Q

which of the cell membrane transport pathways (passive/diffusion, facilitated, active) are substrate specific?

A

facilitated

active

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15
Q

examples of active transport

A

Na+/K+ ATPase

H+/K+ ATPase

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16
Q

examples of facilitated transport

A

simple glucose carriers

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17
Q

examples of secondary active transport

A

Na+/glucose carriers

Na+/amino acid carriers

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18
Q

examples of passive transport/diffusion

A

water, electrolytes, O2

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19
Q

how do cells too large for diffusion/active transport pass through the cell membrane

A

endocytosis

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20
Q

does endocytosis require ATP

A

yes

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21
Q

types of endocytosis

A

cell eating

  1. pinocytosis: engulfing small aprticles and extracellular fluid in a vesicle
  2. phagocytosis: same as above but larger material (bacteria, cell, etc)
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22
Q

what is exocytosis

A

release of vesicle filled with formerly endocytotic material

ex: toxins, neurotransmitters, hormones

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23
Q

what is osmolarity

A

conc of osmotically active particles in a solution; how “thick” is the solution

drives osmotic flow/pressure

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24
Q

osmolarity formula

A

O = g x C

g = # particles in solution
C = concentration
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25
hyperosmolic areas suck water IN/OUT?
IN
26
voltage gated vs ligand gated ion channels
voltage gated: activated by change in membrane potential ligand gated: activated by hormone or second messenger (NT)
27
ion channels are based on...
channel size and ion distribution
28
excitable membrane potential is based on..
balance between ions in ICF and ECF; changes in those ion conc create AP generation and cellular activation ICF: LOT OF K, LOT OF MG ECF: LOT OF NA, LOT OF CA, CL
29
ex of simple squamous epithelium tissues
loop of henle | pulmonary alveoli
30
ex of simple cuboidal epithelium tissues
ovarian surface covering | gland ducts
31
ex of simple columnar epithelium tissues
absorptive lining of digestive tract large ducts (can be ciliated or non-ciliated)
32
ex of pseudostratifid epithelium tissues
male urethra | large respiratory passages
33
pseudostratifid epithelium properties
several cell types all contact basal lamina not all reach lumen
34
ex of stratified epithelium tissues
vagina (nonkeratinized) esophagus (nonkeratinized) skin (keratinized)
35
stratified epithelium properties
trauma resistant lower absorption can be squamous, cuboidal, columnar, or transitional
36
types of connective tissue cells
``` mesenchymal cells reticular cells fibroblasts macrophages ("histiocytes") plasma cells mast cells leukocytes fat cells (adipose) ```
37
mesenchymal cells properties
perivascular locations embryonic leftover cells possibel precursors to adipose cells
38
reticular cells properties
framework for lymphoid tissue, bone marrow, and liver primitive tissues like mesenchyme
39
fibroblasts properties
synthesize glycosaminoglycans synthesize amorphous ground substance collagen, reticular, elastic fiber formation
40
macrophages (histiocytes) properties
``` fixed and free (wanderign) types when stimulated > move via pseudopods phagocytosis togther form foreign body giant cells secrete enzymes ```
41
plasma cells properties
larger than lymphocytes rare in connective tissue common in: lymphoid tissue, GI lamina propria, sites of chronic inflammation
42
mast cells properties
common in CT in groups ``` contain granules: heparin (anticoagulant) histamine (bronchiole contraction, cap dilation, inc cap permability) serotonin (vasoconstrictive0 ECF-A (attracts eiosinophils) SRS-A (inc vascular permeability) Ag + IgE (degranulation) ```
43
leukocyte properties
transported in blood major actions in extravascular spaces lymphocytes and eosinophils most common leukocytes in CT
44
fat/adipose cells properties
white and brown types | nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles all pushed to edge by lipid droplets
45
types of CT fibers
collagen elastic reticular
46
collagen fibers properties
in all CT types formed from protein collagen white and tough (i.e. tendon) 5 subtypes
47
elastic fibers properties
in loose fibrous CT formed of albuminoid elastin many in major blood vessel walls
48
reticular fiber properties
support network fibers | formed primarily of type III collagen
49
types of loose CT
reticular areolar adipose (white and brown)
50
reticular CT properties + location
primitive CT type lots of reticular fibers lymphoid tissue, bone marrow, liver
51
areolar CT properties + location
loose fibroelastic CT | everywhere
52
brown adipose CT properties + location
heat generation mobilized by direct sympathetic adrenergic innvervation more common kids + hibernating animals adults retain some in neck, around abdom aorta, kidney
53
white adipose CT properties + location
rich vascular supply deposits from 3 sources: - fat cell + insulin + CHO = more fat - fat cell + dietary fatty acids = more fat - glucose in liver = triglycerides (VLDLs) > fat cells = more fat withdrawls (loss): - high blood glucose = low withdraws - norepi stim lipases > inc fat mobilization - insulin converts glucose > TAGs + into fat cells most commonly subcutaneous tissue may accumulate anywhere
54
types of dense CT
collagen and some elastin dense irregular dense regular
55
dense irregular CT locations
fascia ``` capsules: testes liver lymph nodes perioosteium (bone) perichondrium (cartilage) ```
56
dense regular CT locations
tendons ligaments aponeuroses
57
what is considered "specialized CT"
blood, bone, cartilage
58
RBC/erythrocyte properties/function
``` O2-Co2 transport no nucleus biconcave for inc SA formed from reticulocytes avg 33% hemoglobin ```
59
WBC/leukocyte properties/function
more active in CT > serum cellular and humoral immunity agranular: lymphocytes, monocytes granular: neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil
60
platelets properties/function
denose - core granules: - serotonin - ADP - ATP - calcium alpha granules: blood clotting factors neutrophil attracting factors
61
types of cartilage
hyaline elastic fibrous
62
hyaline cartilage properties/location
covers articular surface of most joints costal cartilage nasal cartilage most of fetal skeleton
63
elastic cartilage properties/location
like hyaline with more elastic fibers areas which need support with flexibility: arytenoid cartilages, external ear, auditory tube, epiglottis
64
fibrous cartilage properties/location
tough, supportive cartilage never occurs alone, always merges with hyaline ``` locations: glenoid labrum acetabular labrum SC and AC joints TMJ pubic symphysis intervertebral discs ```
65
composition of bone
inorganic salts (rigidity): Ca Phos, Ca Carbonate, Ca Fluoride, Mg Flouride orrganic (strength and resilence): collagen fibers
66
periosteum properties
outer surface of compact bone (except articular surfaces) type of CT collagen and elastic fibers sharpeys fibers anchor periosteum to bone
67
compact bone properties
haversian system (osteons)
68
diffusion potential
potential difference across a membrane bc of a conc difference of ions
69
what turns off the diffusion potential
equilibrium potential
70
more negative membrane =
polarized
71
moving potential away from negative
depolarization
72
types of neurotransmitters and their location
small molecule: rapid acting (Dopa, NE, GABA, glycine, glutamate, serotonin) - in CYTOSOL of presynaptic terminal neuropeptide (large molecule) slow acting (ACTH, TSH) - in NEURONAL CELL BODY, by the ribosomes
73
NTs are released by
AP
74
adrenergic NT
epi/NE
75
adrenergic receptors
alpha 1 alpha 2 beta 1 beta 2
76
a1 receptor excitability/inhibition
tubular organs generally excitatory in vascular (vasoconstriction), inc BP GI inhibitory
77
a2 receptor excitability/inhibition
slow ANS (SNS emergency brake)
78
Dose b1 receptor excite or inhibit? Where are they located?
heart | excitatory
79
b2 receptor excitability/inhibition
lungs | inhibitory (vasodilation, bronchodilation)

NPLEX (28 decks)

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