MSAK lec - midterm 3

Question 1

which muscles are found in the 6 layers of the back

Answer 1

layer 1: traps & lats
layer 2: rhomboids & levator scapulae
layer 3: serratus posterior superior & inferior
layer 4: spinotransversales - splenius capitis & splenius cervicis
layer 5 - erector spinae - iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis
layer 6 - transversospinales - semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores

Question 2

name the fascias of the back

Answer 2

nuchal (cervical, continuous with nuchal ligament) and thoracolumbar (3 layers, over erector spinae, very strong in lumbar region)

Question 3

what are the 3 layers of thoracolumbar fascia

Answer 3

posterior (SPs, interspinous ligament, median sacral crest attachments), middle (TPs, intertransverse ligaments, iliac crest to 12th rib), & anterior (attaches to TPs and covers anterior QL. very deep. becomes arcuate ligament of diaphragham and blends with transversus abdominis)

Question 4

where do the erector spinae muscles sit in the thoracolumbar fascia

Answer 4

between posterior and middle layers

Question 5

which muscles fill the lamina groove

Answer 5

erector spinae (and also transversospinales)

Question 6

which erector spinae muscle has a lumborum subdivision

Answer 6

iliocostalis

Question 7

what is the common origin for erector spinae muscles

Answer 7

aponeurosis - lumbar SPs, supraspinous ligament (T11-L5), median sacral crest, sacrotuberous ligament, posterior sacroiliac ligament, lateral sacral crest, posterior iliac crest

Question 8

what do the erector spinae muscles assist in

Answer 8

extension, lateral flexion, and ipsilateral rotation of trunk, neck, and head. maintaining the lumbar lordosis (anterior pelvic tilt)

Question 9

which erector spinae muscles attach to the pelvis

Answer 9

iliocostalis lumborum and logissimus thoracis

Question 10

which erector spinae muscle does not attach to the common origin

Answer 10

spinalis (does not have a lumborum region)

Question 11

which erector spinae attaches to the mastoid process of the skull

Answer 11

longissimus

Question 12

describe the transversospinales (layer 6 muscles)

Answer 12

• they course superiomedially (think christmas tree)
• they become shorter from superficial to deep
• primarily postural

Question 13

describe how semispinalis attaches to vertebrae

Answer 13

runs superiorly 6 or more vertebrae above origin.

Question 14

describe how multifidus attaches to vertebrae

Answer 14

runs superiorly 2-4 vertebrae above origin

Question 15

describe how rotatores attaches to vertebrae

Answer 15

brevis goes from TP to SP IMMEDIATELY above. longus goes from TP to SP 2 vertebrae above. in the transverse plane

Question 16

which muscle is spinalis capitis considered the deep fibres of

Answer 16

semispinalis capitis

Question 17

where is multifidus most developped

Answer 17

lumbar spine

Question 18

which layer 6 muscle has 3 subdivisions and what are they

Answer 18

multifidus. lumborum, thoracis, cervicis

Question 19

where on the vertebrae does multifidus attach in each of its regions

Answer 19

• lumborum: mamillary processes
• thoracic: TPs
• cervicis: articular processes of C4-C7

Question 20

what are the spinotransversales muscles

Answer 20

splenius capitis and splenius cervicis

Question 21

what are the common actions of the spinotransversales muscles

Answer 21

extension of head and neck, lateral flexion, ipsilateral rotation

Question 22

compare and contrast the actions of the erector spinae group

Answer 22

iliocostalis does the most actions (extension, ipsilateral lateral flexion/rotation). longissimus does the same but rotation is weaker. spinalis just does extension because it’s right in the middle on the spine

Question 23

what is another name for the erector spinae group

Answer 23

sacrospinalis

Question 24

describe the different subdivisions of spinalis (in terms of size/strength)

Answer 24

most developed in the thoracis region. infrequent or even absent in the cervicis region. indistinct in the capitis region (blends with semispinalis)

Question 25

which of the semispinalis regions is most significant

Answer 25

semispinalis capitis. it is thick and powerful and the most developed compared to thoracis and cervicis

Question 26

true/false multifidus attaches to atlas

Answer 26

false

Question 27

which muscles make up the posterior abdominal wall

Answer 27

psoas major/minor, iliacus, QL, diaphragham

Question 28

which muscles make up the anterior abdominal wall

Answer 28

lateral: external & internal obliques, transversus abdominus
medial: rectus abdominis and pyramidalis

Question 29

describe the anterior abdominal wall

Answer 29

• no direct attachment to spine
• flex, laterally flex, rotate the trunk
• postural
• protect/compress viscera
• increase intraabdominal pressure (coughing, sneezing, elimination, support during lifting)

Question 30

what is the name of the lateral (vertical) border of rectus abdominus

Answer 30

linea semilunaris

Question 31

what is the name of the fibrous tissue that forms the medial border of rectus abdominus

Answer 31

linea alba

Question 32

name the 3 fibrous bands within rectus abdominus (6 pack horizontal dividers) and describe where they sit

Answer 32

tendinous intersections. found in line with xiphoid process, umbilicus and halfway between the 2

Question 34

Rectus sheath is an aponeurosis of

Answer 34

External and internal obliques and transversus abdomens

Question 35

What marks the lower limit of the posterior Rectus sheath

Answer 35

Arcuate line

Question 36

Which oblique does contralateral rotation

Answer 36

External. Both do ipsilateral lateral flexion.

Question 37

Which muscle’s upper fibres blend with the diaphragm

Answer 37

Transversus abdominis

Question 38

Between occiput, C1 and C2, these 2 muscles are absent - instead we have suboccipital muscles

Answer 38

Rotatores and multifidi

Question 39

Why is the suboccipital triangle clinically relevant

Answer 39

Headaches and pain can occur. Vertebral artery and suboccipital nerve run through

Question 40

Which 3 muscles form the sides of the suboccipital triangle

Answer 40

Obliquus capitis superior and inferior, Rectus capitis poster major